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Original Documents |
The Fall of Babylon and the Scarlet Woman |
The `Good News' of the Gospel is, Christ loved us so much that He died for all sins of all men already, on the cross. It is up to us to respond and accept His sacrifice and remain faithful to all He asks us to do in the Bible, Romans 5:18. This topic may be introduced by the following Bible passage:
Satan almost succeeded in having his way in the days of Noah when men's hearts imagined only "evil continually" [100], but the flood destroyed them all. And as we have seen above, Satan was making great progress at Babel through Noah's great grandson Nimrod, but God again frustrated his plans. Still, Satan used the false religion of Babel which has come to be called Paganism to conduct a great spiritual war against God's people Israel throughout the Old Testament period and very nearly succeeded in having his way time after time. Particularly when Nebuchadnezzar, a later king of Babylon took Judah and Israel captive. But God has always preserved a "remnant" to Himself in every age - a few faithful people who would live by faith in His Word. As Jesus told Satan in the wilderness of temptation-
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| 1. | Withholding from man, if possible, what God has said in His Word, the Holy Bible, either by keeping people too busy to read it or by not allowing a copy of the Bible to come into their grasp. |
| 2. | By inspiring disbelief or distrust in what they do know God says. |
Is it any wonder that the apostle Paul cries out to Timothy as he foresees the fall of the church?[110]
For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine; but after their own lusts shall they heap to themselves teachers, having itching ears; And they shall turn away their ears from the truth, and shall be turned unto fables. But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry." Some preachers expect their church goers never to read literature which challenges their teachings. God's Word says to compare what is preached with the Word and hold fast that which is found in its pages. We grow up either in Christ or sideways into false teachings. We are living in a time when Satan is busy sowing seeds in people's mind which leads to skepticism and infidelity. Error is taught so insidiously that faith of many is rapidly undermined. People come to church to have their faith built-up, but too often, instead it is undermined by the wind of all sorts of doctrines. Men and women have excellent gifts, great abilities, the best qualifications, but one sin, one defect, will proof to the character what the worm-eaten plank does to a ship - it leads to utter disaster and ruin. Perhaps we begin to realize that it is good people, people of faith, who can be carried this way and that way by the winds of doctrines. If we remember again that there are two kinds of angels: unfallen and fallen angels.[114] The heavenly messengers. When we read God's Word, we listen to messengers. Depending on what we have cherished in our heart, our messengers will be sent to aid us (heavenly messengers), or they are sent to mislead us (demons). The spiritual world is a very real world! Each time we hear or read the Word, we are connected to either of these two sides but are rarely permitted to look behind the veil. Yet, we still make choices. The Spirit which we choose to accompany us is the one which will accompany us. We may think of us that we are unbiased, rational, discerning, fair-minded, even-handed, wise people. But likely very few of these traits apply to us. We are fallen beings. We have fallen natures. Yet, we are worshipping beings. We are bent toward evil by nature. It is our inclination to play games in our thinking and hope for the best. Because the consequences seem to be deferred, we tend to walk right through the `mine-field' of sin, setting off explosions of which we are not even aware. There is a reason why the pews are empty and the amusement houses are crowded. There is a reason why Christians do not abide by the pure principles of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Here we expound on those reasons. We shall first demonstrate how Satan works harder inside the church than on the outside. Our purpose will be to study the workings of Satan to produce the cleverest counterfeit of God's great system of truth ever known. It traces all the way back to the Garden of Eden, and has always divided the world into two mighty camps - true religion and false religion. Trusting God's Word and trusting men. The Bible presents the situation this way:
But who is this woman? How has she fallen into the state of sin and adultery? Was it a physical fall or a moral fall? Revelation chapter 8 teaches that a moral fall is described in that portion of scripture.
That verse 19 explains that the city was divided up into three parts must mean that it was united before. What are the three parts? To see that clearly we must compare this, in fact the whole book of Revelation, with Old Testament scriptures, as we know that the Apostle John refers back to Old Testament scriptures over 1000 times in his last book. The explanation of what the three parts are into which the city was divided we read, chapter 16, verse 13:
c) the characteristics of the false prophet in Rev. 16:14. It is their intention to gather the anti-God forces together to battle against God. The rise of the antichrist, for example, was possible because men believed in the monopoly of truth. But truth is independent of men, it is of God, Hebr. 1:3; Jh. 14:6. Therefore, since there is no man who has a monopoly of truth, so there are no places where we must go to find it. The believers in Antioch did not need to go to Jerusalem to learn the truth or to find out if what they had was the genuine article. The fact that truth was first preached in a certain place does not prove that it can be found only there. In fact, the last places in the world you want to go with an expectation of finding or learning truth are the cities where the gospel was first taught in the first century after Christ. Cities like Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, or Alexandria. - This is how the papacy arose in part. It was assumed that the places where the apostles, or some of them, had preached must have the truth in its purity and that all men must take it from there. It was also assumed that the people of a city must know more of it than the people in the country or in a village. So, from all bishops being on an equality as at the beginning, it soon came about that the "country bishops" were rated as secondary to those officiating in the cities. When that spirit took hold, the next step was necessarily a strife among the city bishops to see which one should be the greatest; and the unholy struggle went on until Rome gained the coveted place of power. Since the Book of Revelation is grounded in Old Testament themes we may ask, Do we find there such a combination of three forces working against God? Actually we find two examples, one in the Old Testament and the other in the New. Please read for yourself in 1 Kings 22. We find three key personalities in this chapter working against God.
1. King Ahab,Of these three opposers of God's people, who was the more dangerous? It was the 2nd, Queen Jezebel, who did not shrink back to kill the people faithful to God and destroy their altars. The second story we find in Mark 6. Again, do we have here a king, a queen and a third person, the daughter, who oppose and kill John the Baptist, the forunner of Jesus Himself. In this case too, it was the queen (Herodias), who was the more dangerous of the three. The pertinant background to the scriptures already cited in the OT is found in Ezekiel 16 and some verses in Jeremiah. The Bible represents God as being `married' to His people; Israel. When did God `marry' Israel? It was on Mt. Sinai when God called Israel to "be a peculiar treasure" to Him (Ex. 19:6). The marriage was agreed to when Israel said, "we will do" (Ex. 19:8).Jeremiah refers to Israel, the bride, this way,
abominationsThey earned the displeasure of the Lord even more so when they engaged in illicit relationships with the surrounding kings and kingdoms instead of bringing their cares before the Lord.
The same situation exists today. We find God's New Testament bride described this way.
This angel's message is known as the First Angel's Message and it teaches the following:
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| The everlasting gospel |
Obey the commandments. Law, Work and Grace |
| Fear God | Be so that little children will gather around as you tell them about God's love. Live obedient lives. |
| Give glory to God | We are to reveal or reflect the character of God, be healthy, so He can dwell in us. |
| Worship Him | In faith and obedience. [The power that drives or motivates faith and obedience is love.] |
As time went by, men arose teaching perverse doctrines, the doctrines of fallable men. Eventually this led the church to espouse opposite doctrines than those stated in the First Angels Message. We find these new, apostate doctrines described in Revelation 17. We find the following description:
What does she do? She commits the same sins Israel committed, she fornicates. She is involved in politics and has similar ideologies and practices as old Israel had. She is the mother of harlots, that means she is married and has daughters - that is, she has daughter churches, who are like their mother in key aspects. Who are we talking about? Could this be the Muslims? The Hindus or Buddhists? No! Not at all. The woman that apostatized in OT times was a nation. The woman which apostatized in NT times is a church. She is decked like Israel was in gold and jewelry - and she is like Israel was found to be filled with sin. Her followers will not be ready when Christ comes because the devil doesn't sleep. She experienced a drastic change from the woman on the moon (Rev.12:1-6) to a harlot. These images represent two gigantic, competing religious powers -- one God's true church and the other a system of error. Everyone of us, yes of all human beings, must eventually and finally belong to one side or the other. We will follow either God's system and obey His commandments, or follow a false system, and keep the commandments of men. [130] We find in the Bible several identifying points to help us understand the meaning of the symbol of the fallen, scarlet woman. First, we want to find out who the beast symbolizes upon whom the woman rides. This beast has two characteristics which are explained quite clearly.
So we see clearly that the beast symbolized the old Pagan Roman Empire [200]. In Revelation 12:3, the same power is represented by a dragon with seven heads, and ten horns who tried to put Jesus to death when He was born -- an obvious reference to Herod, the Roman puppet king, and underling of Caesar. The reason why the Bible has so much to say about ancient Rome and its influence throughout the ages since, is because that power was used so mightily by the devil to destroy God's truth. Not only did Rome try to kill Jesus when he was born, but it was the Roman tribunal by the name of Pilate who sentenced Jesus to be crucified and Roman soldiers nailed Him to the cross. Later, the same nation, through its pagan emperors, killed hundreds of thousands and millions of Christians who held to the faith of the Apostles. The early Christians suffered terribly but the devil could not stamp out the truth, even through the cruelty of Pagan Rome persecution. In fact persecution brought more people to seek Jesus Christ. The witness of every martyr through death became the cause for new converts to the Christian faith [250]. Since Pagan Rome failed to destroy the gospel of Jesus Christ, the devil must try a new scheme. What he could not accomplish by force, he would try to do by strategy. He would join the church. Corrupting the Church of the Apostles caused it to unite with paganism resulting in the corruption of the truth, introducing errors and confusion. He would do this by causing the leader of his own church, Emperor Constantine, profess to have become a Christian. We read:
But the real stumblingstone is Jesus Christ. People reject truth because their commitment to it is only superficial. They have other motives for being at church. They may want their children to know that God is part of their cultural heritage; and they want them to receive moral and ethical education - keep them from substances of abuse. For them going to church and even making modest contributions for its support is part of their life style. But behind it all, truth may not be welcome to them. And so the process begins; people begin to modify faith and round up the corners. The requirements of following God are quietly explained away as some defect in a group of believers heritage. They claim to be more mature, to have grown past the `closed minds' of the obedience preachers. They claim to have a more enlightened faith. And so their attitude changes. Those who say, `Thus saith the Lord' are seen as too narrow and straight-laced. While prosperity may increase for those who have a profession of faith, difficult times shall purge the church. The greatest method for advances of the Church of Jesus has always been adversity's trimming and pruning. It is for us to remove all those things which separate us from Christ. Study His Word daily, pray and set our course toward His Land. Instead of just seeing difficulties we look beyond and understand the solemn time in history in which we live. Taking a closer Look at the Woman on the Beast As we read that the scarlet woman first of all is riding a beast which scripture identified as Pagan Rome, she represents a church. Simple review of Roman history makes it plain that one church became the mistress in Rome. She, like the emperors, used the armies of Rome to destroy her enemies and was given power and authority by the emperors who donated their capital city by 538 A.D. as the seat of their head elders, the popes. It was in this year that Emperor Justinian proclaimed the pope to be "the head of the world." The second identifying mark is described as follows,
Babylon means "confusion," and that is what the mingling of Babylonian sun worship and Christianity has become. Passing from Babylon to Medo-Persia to Greece to Rome, the doctrines of paganism were finally absorbed by the woman, whose clerical leaders reside in Rome, from the beast she was riding, Pagan Rome. And we look a little closer at this woman and we look inside the cup she is holding high, what do we find? The cup is filled with "abominations and filthiness of her forniaction." How can a church commit fornication and adultery? So we remember the church is the bride. She is "betrothed," or as we say, "engaged" to Christ the bridegroom. However she will not be married until the time of the Second Coming of Christ. But when this bride allows her love to become divided and turns from loyalty to her husband's loving fellowship and rejects His principles of righteousness and instead, accepts the love and permissive ways of another, she commits fornication or adultery. She becomes a harlot. She does not keep herself pure. The Apostle James describes individual Christians who become involved in these very acts of disloyalty.
The text says that the adulteries are contained in the golden cup. That means false doctrines, contrary to what Christ taught, are in the cup: because unscriptural, man-made, devil-inspired teachings and laws constitute those adulteries. Bowing before images, confessing sin to men for forgiveness, the head of the church sitting upon a throne intended to show himself as God, traditions instead of Bible teachings, are part of the contents of the cup. The Most Important Message of the Book of Revelation This presentation tries to make it plain, based on the Bible, that, what we believe about God, Christian doctrines, do matter. Any church which holds on to false doctrines or unbiblical teachings, unsupportable by the Bible, falls immediately into the family of Babylon. Revelations most important message is this:
God's people are scattered in the sphere of influence of all churches. God says, "Come out" when falsehood is being presented - when the thought leaders of those churches are "drunk" with the wine of false doctrines, when they revel in the limelight of their short lived popularity and popular recognition. Modernism, ecumenism, and evolution are riddling many Christian churches today, and those who do not agree with it are wondering what to do. God settles it for them. He says, "Come out." A believer cannot support truth and error at the same time. You cannot honestly subscribe to a doctrine you do not believe in. The only way we can love Jesus personally is to love His truth. He is "the Truth", John 14:6. The way we relate to truth is the way we relate to Jesus who is the truth. Someone may say, What difference does it make if I don't know what Babylon is, just as long as I love Jesus? The answer is this, If you love Jesus, you will want to do what He asks you to do. The call to "Come out" is a call from heaven. It is not from us. Jesus is leading all those who follow the voice of His Word:
God's People Inside these Religious Systems Many, many people born among those within the realm of this religious system are innocent of the deeds of those in power. They were never asked if they wanted to belong to it, they were just baptized before they could decide for themselves and added to the ranks - and that is why it is a system; systematic addition of followers who could not consciously cast their vote. Later on, looking at all their family, friends and giant edifices, they would just assume that they are part of the truth of God. But the Apostle John relates to us the command of God given to those who are part of this giant Babylonian system. We read,
God calls His people out because ...
That is why it is so hard to move people to accept God's call for He gives it before people see and feel those plagues. But if we wait for that, it will be too late, therefore this warning message. God is telling us that no one can support truth and error at the same time. You cannot honestly subscribe to a doctrine you do not believe. That reminds me of school friends who belonged to these systems and occasionally stated, that they do not really believe what is being taught. Nevertheless, this call to come out is a serious and a shocking call - but it is God's call, not ours. We are just going over these scriptures and show to you what they say. We are the messengers, you are the receivers. So we reflect once more and realize how millions have been unknowingly following the commandments of men. It was not their fault that they ended up believing wrong doctrines. God says that His people are in Babylon, which stands for confusion. But after reading these lines you are no longer in the dark. Now you can respond to the call to "Come out" (2.Cor. 6:17,18; Rev. 18:4). However, if you do not, you will be at fault and charged with personal responsibility for loving and supporting error. God calls us to forsake the errors which are part of Babylon, and lay hold of the truth and praise God that He has given us help before it is too late so everyone who responds to God's invitation by deciding to follow His call, can adopt this scripture which says,
What Is Finally Ahead For God's People? What is the goal of Bible based faith? The Apostle Paul says it this way,
So we turn to the Bible to read some of its observations and how it may show God's wonderful, unfolding plan for His people.
How large is this city? What are its dimensions so we can visualize it? How long are 12,000 furlongs? [600] Thus we use 1500 miles, which would correspond to the distance between San Francisco and Denver from the west to the east and Los Angeles to Seattle from north to south. This city would be truly a giant city, something like 2,250,000 square miles in size. And such a city, the Bible says, shall be prepared in heaven by God and descend from heaven to become the new citadel of God, the center of His government, and the home town of God's people whom He loves and of which there will be room for millions and billions of people. In fact, it will be the talk of all the universe, for we read,
While we can hardly fathom all of this, we can believe it. Check this out,
Jesus promises us this,
Oh, Moses, I have so many questions, can you take some time and tell me all about it? `Sure,' Moses will say, `we got plenty of time now for each other.' Sometime later you see this other man and you go up and say, `Hello, who are you?' And the answer comes back, `I am Paul and who are you?' And you start talking and talking and finally you say, `Wow, Paul, I always wanted to know how it was when you preached in those many cities back there in 55 AD.' And Paul will say, `Never mind that. I want to know how you were able to pass through those times just before Jesus came to take us all home. - And so you talk and talk. Who would want to miss such and other situations? None need to. We all can have such a life to its fullest just ahead of us. It is not just a dream, but a true promise of God.
Notes & References [0010] There are at least six important reasons to study the book of Revelation: 1) The Book of Revelation was never sealed like the book of Daniel was, "And he said, Go they way, Daniel: for the words are closed up and sealed till the time of the end." Dan. 12:9The agelong conflict between Jesus Christ and Satan, plus the devil's strategies and last-day devious plans, are exposed in the book of Revelation. Satan cannot easily trap people who are aware of his lying deceptions in advance, so he hopes people will believe the book is sealed. 2) The very name `revelation' means unveiling, opening, or revealing - which is the complete opposite of being sealed. 3) Revelation is the book of Jesus in a unique way. It begins with the words, `The Revelation of Jesus Christ.' It gives even a word picture of Jesus in Rev. 1:13-16. 4) Revelation is primarily written for the people living at the end of time - just before Jesus returns, Rev. 1:1-3; 3:11; 22:6,7,12,20. 5) A special blessing is pronounced upon those who read it and heed its counsels, Rev. 1:3; 22:7. 6) Those who consider the Book of Revelation still closed may do so because they are not acquainted with the vast body of literature from Reformation times which deals with its imagery. Their current denominational views may hide for them the true identity of the most prominent representative images or `personalities' it deals with since it runs against what is politically `correct' today. But we are dealing with God's Word. Human viewpoints need to submit to God's viewpoint. We must realize where the great struggle between God and Satan lies, the great controversy about the claims of the Law of God. We must know God's Exodus 20 law by heart and check ourselves if we obey all its precepts. That is the first step after accepting Jesus who died for the sins of the world, sins as they are defined by these 10 laws. If your minister or pastor does not see this, `Go out from Babylon,' the Bible tells us. 7) Rev. describes God's end-time people and church with stark clarity. It tells precisely what God's church must be preaching in the last days, Rev. 14:6-14, which quotes directly a portion of the 4th commandment. The angels messages tell of awesome consequences connected with false worship. [0020] The forces in the world are seeking to undo what has been decided by God in the beginning. 1) God divided the nations, therefore all the nations have to come together. 2) There are numerous religions in the world, therefore all of them have to come together. That means they must immerse a true religion into a whole host of false religions - bringing them together so that the true religion can be changed into a false religion before they can all unify. The working of this fallen power is largely hidden from view by virtue of her power to cause and control. These are not idle understandings. The fallen power controls today what we see, hear and eat. This concept is so momentous that people cannot imagine or believe it, but when you dig for evidence you can find it. [0100] A condition, Jesus says, which will prepare the way of a 2nd destruction of the earth at His Second Coming, according to Matthew 24. [0110] The `Emerging Church', hesitant to let God be God, aspires to please cultural feelings, and attempts to redress God's church into a `just love', no doctrine leaning movement. [0114] "Satan has great advantages. He possessed the wonderful intellectual power of an angel, of which few form any just idea. Satan was conscious of his power, or he would not have engaged in a conflict with the mighty God, the everlasting Father, and the Prince of Peace. Satan closely watches events, and when he finds one who has a specially strong spirit of opposition to the truth of God he will even reveal to him unfulfilled events, that he may more firmly secure himself a seat in his heart. He who did not hesitate to brave a conflict with Him who holds creation as in His hand, has malignity to persecute and deceive. He holds mortals in his snare at the present time. During his experience of nearly six thousand years he has lost none of his skill and shrewdness. All this time he has been a close observer of all that concerns our race." {2T 171.2} [0120] To interpret this fallen woman with the Jewish nation is also diminishing the Word of God. While Jews live in countries all around the world, they certainly do not represent a religious world power since 70 AD. They do not wear the colors of the fallen woman nor did they make themselves drunk with the blood of the saints to an extent the other power here characterized did. [0130] The first time the sun and moon take on symbolic meaning is in a dream of young Joseph where the sun is understood to represent his father Jacob and the moon his mother Rachel. And he told it to his father, and to his brethren, and his father rebuked him, and said unto him, `What is this dream that thou hast dreamed? Shall I and thy mother and thy brethren indeed come to bow down ourselves to thee to the earth?' And his brethren envied him; but his father observed the saying. Jacob appeared to regard the dreams of his son with indifference. But he had been often instructed by the Lord in dreams himself, and he believed that the Lord was teaching Joseph in the same manner. He reproved Joseph, that his true feelings might not be discovered by his envious brothers.
[0150] The 10 divisions, nations of Europe were historically interpreted as: 1. Ostrogoths (Theodoric/Yugoslavia), 2. Visigoths (Spain), 3. Franks (France), 4. Vandals (Carthage), 5. Suevi (Portugal), 6. Alamanni (Germany), 7. Anglo-Saxons (Britain), 8. Heruli (Odovacar), 9. Lombards (Italy), 10. Burgundians (Switzerland).; The four divisions of the Near East after Alexander the Great included: 1. The kingdom of Lysimachus covering the region of today's Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and western Turkey (Thracia); The kingdom of Cassander covered Albania and Greece (Macedonia); 3. The kingdom of Seleucus ruled over the largest area covering eastern Turkey, Syria down to the border of Egypt, all of Mesopotamia to India (Syria); 4. The kingdom of Ptolemy covered Egypt (Egypt).
[0200] To defeat this historical interpretation of the Book of Revelation, the Jesuits began to teach the idea that all its prophecies were fulfilled anciently in the days of the destruction of Jerusalem. They looked upon Jerusalem, built on two hills, as if it must fulfill this prophecy considering that more people dwelled on additional, surrounding hills thus making more or less seven hills. This method of interpretation became known as Preterism. While their interpretation seems stretching one's credulity, many prefer it because it does away with the unpopular view, in many circles, that the biggest ancient church is talked about in this book and Protestantism too. But the problem of sin and how God will finally completely remove sin from his creation is one still raging. It spans the entire world history and did not stop with the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. For this reason alone the Preterist view is inadequate in its scope and is found out as a fraud seeking to diminish God's Word.
[0250] John Fox's `Book of Martyrs' can be read online here. See also Olivier Bernier, Words of Fire, Deeds of Blood, 1989; James W. Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576, Chicago, 1909.; The woman of Rev. 17 is no ugly woman. Bedecked with make-up and eyeliners, she represents a power whose long period involves great abominations. She failed to remain close to God and desired to be close to evil. Soon her time is up. All her fashions will not save her. All her mak-up and all the niceties of this world will not help her. Why? Because there is only one thing God's people have to make up and that is to develop such a character which allows the Lord Jesus to live in our heart. Reminder: Tarry not over the wine of Babylon for that is were these abominations come from. There is no greater delusion then that, to think you are all right with the Lord when you are all wrong.
[0300] Dr. Gilbert Murray, MA, D. Litt., L.L.D., F.B.A., Professor of Greek at Oxford University, "Religion and Philosophy", in `History of Christianity in the Light of Modern Knowledge', p. 73,74.
[0400] These include items like the famous pagan temple, `The Pantheon' in Rome; statues showing the Apostle Peter dressed as Jupiter (before that it was Zeus); the use of the `winged serpent' on a chariot carrying the soul to heaven in Rome (the winged serpent comes from the Egyptian `Book of the Dead'), is shown on items from King Tut's Tomb, and the serpent sun god coming out of the mouth of a dragon was used in connection with the Mayan sun god `Quetzalcoatl' on the Island of Cozumel, 1000 A.D. (See also imagea in BAR, Sep 1985, p. 60-64); In a similar way the serpent became the symbol of healing and is/was used on a door handle in the New St. Mary's Cathedral in San Francisco.; the Persian derived Mithra also was honored as the ruler of the Zodiac and is so shown on the front page illustration of a book on astrology, printed with the approval of Pope Clement VII in 1526.; The pope is also shown enthroned under a canopy displaying the astrological figures of the Zodiac in the Vatican Museum.; the Egyptian sun-god Osiris and later Serapis, god of the dead, were eaten in the form of a round disk wafer, a symbol of the sun.; Spanish explorers discovered that the Central American sun god Quetzalcoatl was made into an image by mixing maize, which was then consecrated by their priest and given to the people to be eaten.; The juice of the grape was thought to be the blood of Bacchus, god of wine and revelry. The Roman mass has its origin, not in the Christian community, but in the initiation rites of the ancient mystery religions which were themselves traceable to the fertility cults and mystery ceremonies of Babylon.; A `Golden Door' in the chapel of St. Ignatius in San Francisco uses several symbols identifying the wafer god. Among these are the Unicorn, Peacock, and the Phoenix - well known symbols of the occult for the sun, Lucifer, or Satan.; On the stele of Ur-Nammu of Ur (ca. 2112-2095 BC) the solar blaze is the sun-god Shamash. Placed within a crescent is the moon-god Nanna.
[600] Well, books tell us that, 40 rods = 1 furlong = 220 yds = 660 ft and 8 furlongs = 1 mile = 1760 yds = 5280 ft. So we do the math: Each side of the city would be 12000 / 8 = 1500 miles long. - Since these measurements do not have the same uniform values according to all sources, let us compare them to what the Germans say they should be and then compare the answers to get an idea for reliability. So we have, 1 furlong in German is 1 Feld Wegs which is 1 Greek Stadion = 185 meter and 12000 furlongs = 12000 x 185 = 2,220,000 meters. Since 1 mile = 1609 meters, we calculate 2,220,000 / 1609 = 1380 miles according to the German numbers. - Thus we get 1500 miles vs. 1380 miles long for each side of the city. Not a bad estimate considering we do not have absolute, known numbers for these ancient measurements.
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