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Kenneth Kitchen's Proof of Herihor and Ramses XI being contemporary: They did joint work in the hypostyle hall in the temple of Khons at Karnak, while Herihor appears alone, as `king', in the peristyle court. [See summary by Cerny, CAH, II, 35 (1965), 34-5.]
K. Kitchen also argues: Panhesy held office of `Viceroy of Nubia' in the years 12 and 17 of R.XI. Herihor also was `Viceroy of Nubia' which he therefore according to Kitchen could not hold until after Panhesy.
Revised View: In revised view Ramses XI was Inaros of the Greek authors. Inaros became famous because he led out in a rebellion against the Persians in about 464 BC during the reign of Artaxerxes I (465-425 BC). Overall he was active from at least 464 to 454 BC but may have been active for some time after that. There appears therefore no conflict that the Ramses/Inaros connection to Herihor could not be true in revised view since Herihor was active from about 418-405 BC albeit `joint work' might be work done in succession of each others time unless Inaros lived long and accomplished it late in life. Herihor was in office during the reign of Darius II (424-404 BC). The satrap Arsames made Egyptians pay tribute for most of his long life between 480-407 BC, meaning that he started his job at a young age, probably in his teens. But there were times when native Egyptian potentates could work out their plans and ambitions as we see with Inaros and Herihor.
Mr. Kenneth Kitchen's Herihor, Wenamon and Smendes: Mr. Kitchen states rightly that the `Smendes in the travelogue of Wenamon' whom he met at Tanis on his way to Phoenicia was not a king. However, in our view Smendes (I) was the false Smerdes who spent time in Egypt up to about 522 BC and later, on his way to Susa, was assassinated. [Herodotus, Bk. III, Sec. 30] This Smerdes/Smendes was of royal Persian blood and no doubt had been with his brother Cambyses in Egypt and this way left some signs of his presence there. It could be that he, in opposition to the king, his brother, had made friends in Egypt while the king wrecked havoc and that this was perhaps the real reason why Cambyses wanted him killed. The other Smendes (II) was a priest of the time of Herihor, Amenemope and Psusennes I.
Mr. Kitchen is right when he states that Psusennes I was later than Smendes I but not correct when he states he was earlier than Amenemope. The question is by how many years later than Smendes. In our reckoning he was later by over 150 years, since we put Psusennes I between 370-340 BC. Amenemope was active starting about 458 BC. How well founded are the reasons of Mr. Kitchen to place Amenemope after Smendes? He states, `Slight confirmation of this may be seen in the fact that Montet found at Tanis blocks of Psusennes I and Pinudjem I. Also, the burial of Amenemope in the chamber of Queen Mutnodjmet in the tomb of Psusennes I was clearly a secondary burial in the tomb of Psusennes as an earlier king.'
Revised response: In revised view the active life span of Psusennes I began during the reign of Darius II, sometime between 414-404 BC*) and lasted until about 350 BC. If he was about 18 years of age in 410 BC he would be 78*) in 350 BC when he rewrapped the mummy of Ramses III. We believe that the reason for Amenemope to have been active after Psusennes is indeed very `slight', may be not so at all as the following account shows.
If Psusennes lived after Amenemope, how did two bracelets bearing his name end up in the tomb of Amenemope? Since Amenemope became active as a young man in about 458 BC possibly at the age of 18, he was born in 476 BC. The active years of Psusennes I were from about 415 or slightly later with an interruption starting again in 370-340 BC. He also must have become a priest while still young and his life span overlapped that of Amenemope sufficiently to account for the bracelet when Amenemopet died. Apparently there was an early connection between the two of which we have no information making it possible that Psusennes (I) funerary gifts were included in his predecessors tomb.
*) Corrected dates
Examples of Persian and Greek influence during the 21st dynasty - items which Mr. Kitchen does not mention: A fragmentary stone found by Montet carrying the name Psusennes has next to it a "barbaric" sounding name "Shahadet" inserted in a cartouche. Rather than a Libyan goddess this word is a Persian title, the first part [Shah] of which means `king'. According to Prof. G.G. Cameron it could mean, king-priest, hereditary ruler, or vice-king. This Psusennes entombed himself in the rose colored granite sarcophagus of Merneptah-Hotephirma [Hophra] of the 19th dynasty whose name had been chiseled out except for one instance where it remained intact. Inside this rose sarcophagus was a black granite one, `borrowed' from an unknown owner whose name was made illegible. Inside this black sarcophagus was a coffin of silver containing Psusennes with a gold mask. Even the tomb itself was `adopted'. Among many silver and gold objects were numerous necklaces and also a bead from a necklace incised with cuneiform signs; specialists tried to read the 3 short lines coming up with something meaningless. If the text is not Persian cuneiform but Akkadian cuneiform instead, it could be like a heirloom cylinder from the tomb of Sosenk which also bears cuneiform signs. There were 28 bracelets in Psusennes' funeral equipment. One has an inscription in hieroglyphics: "The king, master of two lands [Upper and Lower Egypt], master of the sword, first prophet of Amen-re-sonter (Psousennes Miamon) given life." The word "king' is here spelled `n-s-w' and written in an irregular way as a baboon holding an eye, like it was done under the Ptolemaic kings. Also a word accompanying `Amon-re', `n-t-r' is written as a hawk as it was used during the Ptolemaic period. On the wall of the chamber occupied by Psusennes was written: "Psusennes, speaking the truth, ... mistress of the Hellenic coast.."[See Herodotus II, 178 on that.]
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Crawl out of this tomb