1. The tomb of Lazarus in Bethany BAR, Vol. XI, Jan/Feb 1985, p. 16.
2. I) A splendid 2 page image of the `Wailing Wall' in Jerusalem can be seen in BAR, Vol. XII, Nov/Dec 1986, p. 20. The same issue contains superb accounts and images as well as drawings of Herod's Temple, the aerial scene of the excavations at the temple wall, an aerial view of the Muslim Mosque, the now sealed, double arched gate and three more sealed gates, flowers and geometric designs, Titus' Inscription, a Hebrew inscription of Isaiah 66:14 and a Byzantine house from the Omayyad Period (660-750 AD). A must see for any student of history.
II) See also K.&L. Ritmeyer, `Reconstructing Herod's Temple Mount in Jerusalem' - `A Pilgrim's Journey' - `Quarrying and Transporting Stones for Herod's Temple Mount' - `Reconstructing the Triple Gate', , BAR, Vol. XV, Nov/Dec 1989, p. 23-53; Images include: A two page drawing of the temple, two drawings of Barclay's Gate, a drawing of a relieving or discharging arch above the lintel of a doorway to relief pressure, a drawing of Robinson's Arch and two superb photos of its remains which once supported a bridge over the Tyropoean Valley from the Temple Mt. to the Upper City, drawings of the `Royal Stoa', a fragment of a `Korban (sacrifice) Vessel' showing two crudely drawn dove like birds (Matthew 21:12; Mark 11:15), a drawing of pilasters and a photo of their remains, the inscribed stone of `The Place of Trumpeting' and a drawing on how it fit into the construction and how `Warren's Shaft' broke it, a cross sectional drawing of `The Southern Wall', photos and drawing of the main entrance, `The Double Gate', and its decorative ceiling, a photo of the imprints of now darkened arches of former shops on the Temple wall probably resulting from the torched fire by the Romans in 70 AD, drawings and a photo of `The Eastern Wall', a skilled aerial view drawing of Herod's Temple and Jerusalem, drawings and photos of transporting and locations of large Temple stones, a drawing and photo of `The Triple Gate'.
Sources cited include Josephus, "But this temple appeared to strangers, when they were at a distance, like a mountain covered with snow; for as those parts of it that were not gilt, they were exceeding white." [`Wars of the Jews', Bk. V, ch. 5, Sec. 6] or ".. till it seemed that no one else had so greatly adorned the temple as he had done." [`Antiquities', Bk. XV, ch. XI, Sec. 3], ".. the last (gate) led to the inner city, where the road descended down into the valley by a great number of steps, and then up again by the ascent ... ." [`Antiquities', Bk. XV, ch. XI, Sec. 5] III) An aerial photo of the southern temple mount showing the tallest side of the walls is found in BAR, Vol. 19, Jul/Aug 1993, p. 31. An image of the exhibition model of Herod's Temple can be seen in BAR, Vol. 24, May/Jun 1999, p. 20.
3. An article on the Machpelah, tomb of the Patriarchs, can be found in BAR, Vol. XI, May/Jun 1985, p. 32f.
4. A growing collection of images and information on how ancients lived: 1. The compound of Thutmose, `overseer of works and sculptor', N. Reeves, `Ancient Egypt', p. 134f.
5. J.Magness, `The Walls of Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period' in BA, Vol. 54, Dec. 1991, p. 208-217; Featuring also schematic cross-sections of Islamic period pottery.
6. A.D.Crown & L.Cansdale, `Qumran - Was it an Essene Settlement?', BAR, Vol. 20, Sep/Oct 1994, p. 24-39. See also `The Enigma of Qumran - 4 archaeologists (Eshel, Magness, Patrich, Hirschfeld) assess the site' in BAR, Vol. 24, Jan/Feb 1998, p. 24-37. The article features some nice color views of Qumran, a great drawing and plan, courtyeard types and some artifacts. See also Vol. 24, Mar/Apr 1998, p. 48-53+69. This article discusses a Hebrew inscription.
See also Mireille Belis, In Search of the Qumran Library; Florentino G. Martinez, The Great Battles Over Qumran & The Temple Scrolls; Farah Mebarki, Jozef T. Milik: Memories of Field Work & The Qumran Library; Magen Broshi, Daily Life at Qumran; Annette Steudel, The Search For Lost Texts; James C. VanderKam, Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls in Near Eastern Archaeology, Sep 2000.
7. Caves: A detail color image of a cave wall painting found inside:
01) the Chauvet Cave, France, can be seen in the Archaeology magazine which also mentions
02) cave paintings from the riverside rock-shelter of La Madeleine on the Vezere River in SW France featuring a mammoth, also site of a carved mammoth tusk picturing a mammoth like modern people would have done it [See a mammoth carving on a piece of mammoth tusk in The Adventure of Archaeology, p. 97];
03) hundreds of cave paintings from the Magdeleine Cave of Les Trois Freres in the foothills of the Pyrenees of southern France;
04) Altamira, Spain, discovered 1879;
05) the Solutrean caves;
06) the Tete cave;
07) Pech-Merle in the Dordogne;
08) Cougnac,
08b) Check out the article `When the Reindeer-Hunters came to Cro-Magnon' telling the story of Edouard Lortet & son Louis, Henry Christy, Darwin and the discovery of the southern France caves throughout the Pyrenees and Dordogne regions in Odyssey, May 2004, p. 36-39. Images featured include the head of a Cro-Magnon type, a map, Lortet and shells.
09) the Cro-Magnon cave of Les Eyzies the city today regarded as the once upon a time capital of pre-history in France;
10) the 11 caves of the valley of the Petite Beune River including Bemifal/Bernifal, a deep cave of major importance ca. 5 km from Les Eyzies in the community of Meyrals very near route D47*;
11) La Quina and La Roches,
12) Rouffignae,
13) La Baume Latrone,
14) Pech-Merle,
15) Pair-non-Pair, Lascaux,
16) Font-de-Gaume, and Combarelles,
17) Rouffignac Cave - the cave of 100 mammoths located about 7 km north of Les Ezies and runs back for seven miles;
18) a cave in Bruniquel, Southern France; the Vallon-Pont-d'Arc caverns near the Ardeche River, Archaeology, Mar 1995, p. 12;
19) Cussac Cave, Southern France; [Archaeology, Sep/Oct 2001, p. 12.]
20) La Pileta-SE Spain;
14) the rock-shelter of La Combiere;
21) Gönnersdorf, Koblenz, Germany; Hohle Fels Cave [0100]
22) Vogelherd, Donau River South Central Germany,
23) Sirgenstein, Geißenklösterle,
24) and Hohle Fels in the Swabian Jura Mountains;
25) on rocks along the Albaguera River-Portugal,
26) Ekain in the Basque province of Guipuzcoa;
27) at Domingo Garcia, Spain;
28) Fornols-Haut eastern French Pyrenees;
29) Piedras Blancas, Spain;
30) Siega Verde, Agueda River, Spain;
31) Coa Valley;
32) Dolni Vestonic, Czechoslovakia;
33) La Mouthe;
34) Vezere River;
35) Gargas;
36) La Pileta Spain;
37) Cosquer
38) Another 26 cave paintings in addition to 21 already known have been discovered in the Fingal Cave at Naeroey in Troendelag, Norway. They depict animals and people.
[Archaeology, Jul/Aug 2001, p. 18; Archaeology Odyssey May/Jun 2004, p.37. The image shows two horned rhinos. Even more images featuring horses, auerochs, bison, mammoths and lions, as well as a superb "ice-age" map of France with cave locations can be seen in A. Marshak, Images of the Ice Age, Archaeology, Jul/Aug 1995, p. 28-39. (See also Michigan's `Sanilac Petroglyphs' near Bay City.)
39) Consider also the cave rich area between Lespugue (La Spugo, a corruption of the latin spelunca=cave) and the little town of Montmaurin on the steep limestone banks of the Save River, France, a branch of the Garonne River. [See H.P. Eydoux, `The Buried Past', 1966, p. 1ff; He describes the `Cave of Curtains', the `Cave of the Dogs', the `Cave of the Bulls' and the `Cave of the Harpoons'.]
40) F. Legge, `The Titles of the Thinite Kings' in PSBA, Vol. XXX, 1908, p. 163-177.
41) Angela Schuster, `Tales from the Crypt' in Archaeology, Sept. 2000, p. 30-33.Features an artist's view of the `Grottoes' beneath the path to the pyramid of Khafre, Giza, where the entrance to the Osiris tomb was found. An amazing account.
References
[0100] Hohle Fels cave, Germany, yielded 3 tiny mammoth tusk figurines: a) a bird diving headlong into water, b) a human body with a feline head, c) head of a large horse like animal.[AiG, Creation, Jul-Aug 2004, p. 8.]
* The importance of the Bernifal cave: The Bernifal cave is important because it shows a dinosaur and a mammoth in a head to head confrontation. Compare this with the image of an Indian rock painting as found in Natural Bridges National Park (Utah), in White Canyon of what looks like the anciently made, faint outlines of a (Brontosaurus?) type dinosaur and a human close together and compare this also with an Indian rock painting of a creature having the characteristic features of a Triceratops dinosaur as found in Montrose County, Colorado. These indepent sources are strong arguments in favour of the view that some dinosaurs existed in recent history.
Alexander Marshak of Harvard University is a specialist on this subject of cave images with many years of first-hand study of original objects found around caves. In his book entitled The Roots of Civilization, he shows a detailed bone carving found in La Madeleine, France (Dordogne region), that displays a clear representation of a serpent.(4) It is this site, La Madeleine, that gave its name to the Magdalenian period of human existence in France.(5) During this period Neanderthals were no longer supposed to be alive and more modern-looking, or Cro-Magnon peoples, populated Southern France.(6) The serpent artifact found in La Madeleine was mysterious according to Marshak. The etchings were made on a long round bone with precision-type instruments.(7) This bony scene is presented by the author in its unrolled form, as if it were on a scroll. The drawing shows a man-like figure carrying a stick with twigs or leaves on it and two horse heads facing in the opposite direction. To us, the interesting part concerns the figure of an upside-down leg less serpent or snake that appears poised to take a bite out of the lower-half of the man's right leg. Its mouth is not open but it is only inches away from the flesh. Of course, Marshak did not recognize in print its resemblance to the prophecy from Genesis, "He will crush your head and you will strike His heel" (Gen. 3:15).(8)
** The Neanderthal type has since its earlier discovery been recognized as a fully developed, modern human being with a bone deforming disease and many museums have withdrawn their exhibitions of this type. See the article by Jean-Jaques Hublin, `Brothers or Cousins?' in Archaeology, Sep 2000, p. 49-54. Featuring a side view of a N. skull, a graphical view of time periods, a painting of a transitional N. dwelling at the Arcy-sur-Cure cave, 60 miles SE of Paris, animal paintings in the Chauvet Cave, south central France, an ivory carved horse from the cave of Vogelherde, Germany, an image of the entrance to the Zafarraya Cave between Malaga and Granada, southern Spain, 3 inner ear bones of a human, a chimp, and a N. inner ear bone.
American Caves: Endless Caverns, Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. This cave features a `crock' vessel encapsulated by stalactites which demonstrates rapid formation of such chemical processes in nature and testifies against long ages for the formation of stalactites and stalagmites. Also known is the large mineral laden rock mount in the town of Thermopolis, Wyoming. This amazing feature started in 1903, when someone drove an iron pipe in mineral rich underground water. Today it is a giant accumulation of out in the open stalactites and a visitors attraction in the town.
Other processes like fossilisation can also be demonstrated to take place only in a few days by soaking pine or poplar wood in a silica solution and cooking it in the absence of oxygen. [
8. A so-called chalcolithic site was found near Beer-sheba called Neve Noy. The most important find were 5 copper objects bound together: 2 hollow standards (one with pyriform-head), two ax-heads, and a broad, bracelet-like band (possibly a fragment of a tiara that had been snapped) that fastened them all. Other finds included a small pendant of copper wire with a loop in the middle and spiral rings on both sides, copper awls, grinding stones, and mortars. See I. Eldar & Y. Baumgarten, `Neve Noy - A Chalcolithic Site of the Beer-sheba Culture', BA, Vol. 48, Sep 1985, p. 134-139. Comment: Is it possible that some of these sites were merely hiding places during times of invasions by enemy forces?
9. Gabriel Barkay, `What is an Egyptian Temple Doing in Jerusalem?', BAR, Vol. 26, May/Jun 2000, p. 48-57.
10. Marie-Henriette Gates, From Ebla to Damascus in BAR, May 1986, p. 62-67, shows color images of a 2nd century AD funerary relief likeness of a woman mentioning that Palmyra was destroyed in 273 AD by the Roman emperor Aurelian (270-275 AD). She also shows the pointed, Egyptian style headdress of Baal, Resheph or Adad from Ugarit, the lion-headed eagle made of lapis-lazuli and gold covered bitumen from Ur, a seated, wide-eyed female figure from Mari, and an old Koran showing the first two chapters or Suras out of 114 of them.
David Jacobson, `Herod's Roman Temple', BAR, Vol. 28, Mar/Apr 2002, p. 18-27, 60. The article also features an image of the 1st century AD Roman Temple in Palmyra. The columns are crowned with Corinthian capitals.
Amazing Hoards Discovered
11. (a) Z. Yeivin, `The Mysterious Silver Hoard from Eshtemoa', BAR, Vol. XIII, Nov/Dec 1987, p. 38-44; featuring images of the scene, buildings, map, drawings, treasure jars and Hebrew writing. See also the `Bronze Hoard' found in the `Cave of Letters' consisting of 3 shovels, a pan (patera) decorated with a pagan scene, numerous juglets and bowls and a key, BAR, Vol. 27, Jan/Feb 2001, p. 30.
11. (b) Tiberias yields Islamic Treasure from the 10th to 11th cent. AD. Several bowls with ancient Kufic Arabic script, a large candelabrum, snake and bird figurines. Also described is a pot of gold found at Beth Shean. In a large ceramic jug archaeologists found a 1 Kg weighing pot of mint condition gold coins in a wealthy Roman era neighborhood. The owner naver made it back to his house to reclaim them.
12. E. Panagiotakopulu, `An insect study from Egyptian stored products in the Liverpool Museum' in JEA, Vol. 84 1998, p. 231-234. A color micro graph of a head louse can be seen in BAR, Nov 1989, p. 68. A B&W photo of an ancient human head louse from a reproduced ivory comb found at Masada or Qumran can be seen in BA, Sep 1991, p. 148.
13. A series of articles on `Numismatics (coins)and Archaeology' and seals in BA, Vol. 48, Sep 1985, p. 162-180.
14. For a very conventionally arranged King List of Pre-Hittite, Old Hittite Kingdom, Middle Kingdom & Hittite Empire Rulers see BA, Vol. 52, Jun/Sep 1989, p. 64.
15. G.E. Wright, `The Significance of the Temple in the Ancient Near East' in BA, Vol. VII, Dec 1944, p. 65-88. Featuring a drawing of the foundation walls of 3 `closely associated temples' inside ancient Megiddo. Such buildings were nearly always interpreted as having been temples. But were they?
16. As a reminder of what went on before our age see: P.L. Garber, `Reconstructing Solomon's Temple' in BA, Vol. XIV, Feb 1951, p. 1-24. An older article on the subject, featuring a BW image of the cut in half model of the inside of the temple, the copper-sea basin, the altar of burned offerings and an interpretation of the winding stairs. "An image of a capital found at Megiddo before WWI and thought by the excavator to be a vessel for incense. It furnished the pattern which was copied in Garber's Temple model. The pillars of Jachin and Boaz [1.Kings 7:15] seemingly were free standing decorative pillars 27 feet high and 4 feet in diameter. Albright questioned these figures [Albright, `Archaeology and the Religion of Israel', p. 147]. But from archaeological parallels, as at Tell Tainat, it may be assumed that the pillars had bases, probably of stone. An 8th century BC pillar base found at Tell Tainat, which is now part of the Museum of the Oriental Institute, has been copied for the Howland-Garber model. ... The size of the Tell Tainat base persuaded us to adopt the diameter mentioned in King's. The biblical writer implies that these columns were single castings of `brass'... Professor J.L. Kelso and others have indicated the lack of archaeological evidence to demonstrate that the ancients were able to make single castings in such large sizes. From the Balawat gates (early 9th century), Khorsabad and elsewhere castings of metal plates are known which were made to be fastened to some kind of wood wall or post. It was this suggestion which led us to conceive of these pillars as having been made of cylindrical cast copper plates slipped over a built-up cedar post. This produces a column which appears to be a single cast but which was constructed in a way we know was within the capacity of skilled workmen in the time of Solomon." [The Megiddo capital is from G. Schumacher, `Tell el-Mutesellim', Leipzig, 1908, Vol. I, frontispiece] To compare ancient pillars with modern pillars in Sadam's palace in Iraq see Airforce, Sep 2003, p. 54.
17. W.G. Dever, `Gezer Revisited - New Excavations of the Solomonic and Assyrian Period Defenses' in BA, Vol. 47, Dec 1984, p. 206-218. To see the ashlar masonry of the six-chambered gate of Gezer see Splendors of the Past, 1981, p. 86. See also Randall Yonker's 1990 report which concluded that the `four-entry-gate' in Field III can still be Solomonic and in Field IV clear evidence was found to support McAlister's claim that the "Egyptian Governor's Residency" was built after the MBIIC inner wall. There is no reason to doubt his Late Bronze Age dating of the building. [Posted at: http://andrews.edu/ARCHAEOLOGY/institue/fieldwork/prelims/Gezer_1990.htm]
The 20 x 20 cm axe blade was found near the Adonis River in Syria in 1911 and thought to have been lost by a lumber jack while on a tree cutting expedition in the Lebanese Mountains and is slightly bent in certain places indicating probable usage.
A brilliant aluminum-silicate stone of vivid yellow, green or bluish (Aquamarine) color. Imported from Tarshish.
Emerald is the green variety of beryl/aluminum-silicate. Found on Cyprus, in Egypt and Ethiopia; may refer to a flashy, sparkling `carbuncle', in German it is called Smaragd, the 4th stone (Rev. 21:19).
White and pure sulphur from the geothermal region of the suspected area of Gomorrah, Dead Sea, can still be found.
*); and the great papyrus which Malchiah gave to them, send; it belongs to it."
, `thlb', interpreted to read `Baalat' where the hay and lamed seem to be questionable.' [`The Biblical Archaeologist', Vol. 36, 1973, p. 53.]
[See J.D. Hawkins, `Evidence from Hittite Records' in Archaeology, May/June 2004, p. 40-41; The dot in the U and the branched sign rt. below may be artifacts. The `C' and `q' is also uncertain.]
can also be found in the Boghazkoi archives, and is read as `Atarrissiyas, man of Ahhiya' - which actually should be read as `Croesus, son of Alyattes'.