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Toledoth Hatshepsut Jewish Priests Pereset/Persians The Photo |
Der Demotische Text der Priesterdekrete von Canopus und Memphis (Rosettana) von Wilhelm Spiegelberg A Major Point of Reference! |
Encyclopedia Ramses III The Decree Glyphs 1 Glyphs 2 Demotic Greek |
| Deutsch | English |
| This presentation presents evidence that the feather crowned prisoners of war depicted by the artists of Pharaoh Ramses III on the walls of Medinet Habu were Persians and not Philistines and that today's scholarly community ought to be embarrassed by their lack of recognition. |
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Das Kanopus Dekret enthält die wichtige Information, das die Form `Plst', in konventionellen Geschichtsbüchern gewöhnlich als `Philister' übersetzt, als `Perser' gelesen werden sollte. Aus diesem Grund presentieren wir diesen Teil des Dekrets, um diesen Punkt klar zu illustrieren. Der Leser kann den Gebrauch des Wortes im Hieroglyphischen, Demotischen und Griechischen Text vergleichen um einzusehen, das die `Plst' die `Prst' waren, Pereset oder Perser. Die Zeit der Verfassung des Kanopus Dekrets war ca. 238 BC als Onias II. (ca. 245-220 BC) der hohe Priester in Jerusalem war. |
The Canpus Decree contains the important information that the `Plst' usually translated as `Philistines' in conventional history books, should be read `the Persians'. For this reason we present this portion of the decree to illustrate our point. The reader may examine the hieroglyphic, demotic [20] and Greek usage of the term in question to realize that the `Plst' were the `Prst', Pereset or Persians. The time of the production of the Canopus Decree was about 238 BC when Onias II (ca. 245-220 BC) was high priest in Jerusalem. |
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Das Kanopus Dekret war kurz nach dem Tode von Berenice, der Tochter von Pharaoh Ptolemie III (247-221 v.Chr.) ca. 238 v.Chr. mit der Absicht Berenice zu vergöttlichen geschrieben worden. Es gibt andere Ansichten wann das Dekret von Kanopus gefunden wurde. 1. Hier ist der Bericht von E.A.W.Budge: "Der berühmte Stein wurde am 15. April 1866 bei San Al-Hagar (Tanis oder Zoan) von einer Gruppe Deutscher Gelehrter gefunden. Darunter waren Professor Richard Lepsius, S.L. Reinisch, E.R. Rösler und Herr Weidenbach. Die Stele ist eine Platte aus feinem Kalkstein die 2 m 22 cm hoch ist, 78 cm breit und 34.3 cm dick ist. Die obere Hälfte enthält 37 Hieroglyphische Linien wie sie zur Zeit der Ptolemäer geschrieben wurden, darunter befinden sich 76 Linien in Griechischer Schrift; auf der rechten Kante stehen 74 Linien in Demotischer Schrift. Der monumentale Stein befindet sich im Ägyptischen Museum in Kairo, und es gibt einen Abguß, vom Kediven Isma'il Pasha in 1871 beauftragt im Museum von Groß Britannien." "Im Jahre 1881 wurde ein Duplikat des Kanopus Dekrets bei Maspero in Kom al-Hisn gefunden. Diese neue Stele ist aus weißem Kalkstein hergestellt und 2 m 22 cm hoch und 78 cm breit und mit 26 Hieroglyphischen, 20 Demotischen und 64 Griechischen Textlinien beschrieben. Es wird auch im Ägyptischen Museum von Kairo aufbewahrt wo es die Nummer 22186 trägt. Ahmed Bey Kamal beschrieb es ..." [Beide Stelen sind gleichgroß.] 2. Einige Webseiten mögen die fragwürgide Information enthalten, daß das Kanopus Dekret in 1865 von Mariette in Tanis gefunden wurde und das Berenice in 254 v.Chr. starb, ein Datum nicht als richtig anerkannt. Das Kanopus Dekret wurde niemals ganz so bekannt wie der Rosetta Stein obwohl es sich in besserem Zustand befindet. Eine dritte Kopie des Kanopus Dekrets, dessen Text nur aus hieroglyphischen Zeichen besteht, wurde von Sir Flinders Petrie in 1885 bei dem Tell Nebireh gefunden und wird im Ägyptischen Museum (Boulak Museum) von Kairo aufbewahrt. Die Geschichte des Boulak Museums ist eine andere Angelegenheit. Das originale kleine Boulak Museum befand sich etwas südlich vom alten Kairo. Es gibt auch eine Kopie im Englischen Monmouth College. Dieser Abguß jedoch wurde teilweise in einem Feuer in 1907 zerstört und enthält nicht mehr den größten Teil des Hieroglyphischen Textes. Die Interessante Geschichte finden sie here. |
The Canopus Decree was written shortly after the death of Berenice, the daughter of Pharaoh Ptolemy III (Euergetes) (reigned 247-221 BC), in 238 BC and was intended to deify her. There are some conflicting accounts of the discovery and particulars of this stone. 1. Here is the E.A.W.Budge account: "The famous stone was found on April 15, 1866 at San Al-Hagar (Tanis or Zoan) by a party of German savants, which included Professor R. Lepsius, S.L.Reinisch, E.R.Roesler and Herr Weidenbach. The Stele is a fine limestone slab measuring 7 ft. 4 in. in height, 2 ft. 8 in. in width, and 13 ½ in. in thickness. On the upper half of the front are cut 37 lines of hieroglyphs, of characteristic Ptolemaic form, and below these are 76 lines of Greek unicals; on the right edge of the Stele are 74 lines of Demotic text. The monument is preserved in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and there is a good cast of it, presented by the Khedive, Isma'il Pasha, in 1871, in the British Museum." "In 1881 a duplicate of the Stele of Canopus was found by Maspero at Kom al-Hisn. The new Stele is of white limestone, and is 2 m. 22 cm. in height and 78 cm. in width, and is inscribed with 26 lines of hieroglyphs, 20 lines of Demotic, and 64 lines of Greek unicals. It is preserved in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where it bears the No. 22186, and has been described by Ahmed Bey Kamal..."[Its dimensions in feet are exactly the same as the original Stele found at Tanis] 2. Some websites may contain questionable information stating that the Canopus Decree was found in 1865 by the French explorer-archaeologist Mariette at Tanis and that Berenice died in 254 BC which is not the accepted date. The Canopus Decree never became quite as famous as the Rosetta stone even though it is much better preserved. A third copy of the Decree of Canopus, the text engraved in hieroglyphs only, was found by Sir Flinders Petrie at Tell Nebireh in 1885, and conveyed to the Boulak Museum in Cairo. The history of the Boulak Museum itself is a separate story. The original, small Boulaq Museum was located just south of the old Cairo. There exists a copy of this decree at the English Monmouth College. This copy, however, was partly destroyed in a fire in 1907 and does not show most of the hieroglyphic text. The whole story you can find here offline. | at Monmouth College in England. |
| Griechischer Text (1 - 8) | Demotischer Text (A 1-3 : B 1-10) | Hieroglyphischer Text (1 - 4) |
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Die Datierung des Dekrets Während der Regierungszeit des Ptolemy (III), der Sohn von Ptolemy und Arsinoe, der Bruder Gott und Schwester Gott, im neunten Jahr, Apollonides, der Sohn des Moschion, war ein Priester des Alexander, und auch der Bruder und Schwester Götter, und auch der Guttuenden Götter, Menekrateia, die Tochter des Philammon, waren Kanephoros des Arsinoe Philadelphos, am siebten Tag [des Monats] Apellaios (Dezember) [welcher ist] der siebzehnte Tag des Monats Tybi1 der Ägypter. |
[I. Datierung] ,,|2)Im Jahre 9 am 7. Tage des (Monats) `splis'a), b)welches ist der 17. Tag des ersten Monats der Winterjahreszeitc) des Königs Ptlumis, des ewig Lebenden, des Sohnes des Ptlumis und der `zrrns, der Götter Brüder - Priester des `slgsntrs'd)und der Götter Brüder (und) der Götter Wohltäter (war) `spulmits, der Sohn des Huskine), als `Mnukrtsf), die Tochter des Pilmnsg), Korbträgerin vor `srsns', der Bruderliebenden war. |
[I. Datierung] ,,|Im Jahre 9 am 7. Tage des (Monats) `spslius' am 17. Tage des ersten Monats der Winterjahreszeit der Bewohner Ägyptens unter der Majestät des Königs von Ober- und Unterägypten Ptulmis, des ewig Lebenden, von (dem gott) Ptah Geliebten, der Götter Brüder - Priester der `ilgsinids, des Verstorbenen, und der Götter Brüder und der beiden wohltätigen Götter (war) | 'pulsnids', der Sohn des Muskisn, als Minskrsdz, die Tochter des Pilsmn; Korbträgerin vor 'rsins, der Bruderliebenden, war. |
| 1) Der 6. März 237 v.Chr. nach Dr. E. Bevan. || 2-2 im A zerstört || b-b fehlt in B|| c) der Zusatz "der lebt, heil und gesund ist", der in B fehlt ist in der Übersetzung weggelassen||d)B zgrsntrs ||a) B Muskizn ||f) B Minkrtn || g) B Pirmn * B schreibt stets Ptul(r)mis |
| The above in English |
| Greek Text (1 - 8) | Demotik Text (A 1-3 : B 1-10) | Hieroglyphic Text (1 - 4) |
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The Dating of the Decree In the reign of Ptolemy (III), the son of Ptolemy and Arsinoe, the Brother God and Sister God, the ninth year, Apollonides, the son of Moschion, being priest of Alexander, and of the Brother and Sister Gods, and of the Well-Doing Gods, Menekrateia, the daughter of Philammon, being Kanephoros of Arsinoe Philadelphos, on the seventh day [of the month] Apellaios (December) [which is] the seventeenth day of the month of Tybi1 of the Egyptians. |
[I. Dating] ,,|2)In the 9th year 7th day of (the month) `splis'a), b)which is the 17th day of the first month of the winter seasonc) of king Ptlumis, eternal life, son of Ptlumis and of `zrrns, the gods brother - priest of `slgsntrs' d)and the gods brothers and was the gods beneficiary `spulmits, the son of Huskine), as `Mnukrtsf), the daughter of Pilmnsg), the basket bearer bevor `srsns', of brotherly love. |
[I. Dating] ,,|In year 9 on the 7. day of the (month) `spslius' on the 17. day of the first month of the winter season the inhabitants of Egypt under the majesty of the king of Upper- and Lower Egypt Ptulmis, the eternally living, beloved of (the god) Ptah, the gods brothers - priests of `ilgsinids, the deceased, and the gods brothers deceased, and the gods brothers and both the beneficient gods (was) | 'pulsnids', the son of Muskisn, as Minskrsdz, the daughter of Pilsmn; basket bearer who was bevor 'rsins, of brotherly love. |
| 1) March 6, 237 BC, according to Dr. E. Bevan || 2-2 in A destroyed || b-b missing in B|| c) the addition "who lives, is well and healthy", which is missing in B was left out in the translation||d)B zgrsntrs ||a) B Muskizn ||f) B Minkrtn || g) B Pirmn * B writes always Ptul(r)mis |
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Einleitung Die hohen Priester und die Propheten, and jene die in den Heiligen Ort (z.B. dem Schrein) gehen, um die Götter in ihren Gewändern aufzustellen, und die Träger der Federn, und all anderen der Priester die von den Tempeln für den fünften Tag [des Monats] Dios [Oktober/November] aus dem ganzen Lande zusammenkamen, und an dem die Geburtstagfeste des Königs gefeiert werden, und für den fünfundzwanstigsten Tag desselben Monats, an dem er seine Herrschaft von seinem Vater erhielt, kamen an diesem Tag zusammen im Tempel der Guttuenden Götter in Kanopus, und sprachen so: |
II Einleitung a)An diesem Tagea) Befehl (Beschluss): Die Lesonispriester (mr-sn) und die Prophetenb) und die Priester, welche in das Allerheiligste gehen, umb) die Götter zu bekleiden, undc) die Schreiber des Gottes-Buches und die Schreiber des Lebens-Hausesc) und die anderen Priester, welche aus den Tempeln Ägyptens gekommen sind am 5. Tage des (Monats) Tis, an dem der Geburtstag des Königs gefeiert wird, and am 25. Tage des genannten Monats, an dem er das Fürsten-Amt aus der Hand seines Vaters empfangen hat, welche sich in dem Gottes-Haus der wohltätigen Götter in Per-guted) (=Kanopus) versammelte) haben, sie haben gesagt:(1) |
II Einleitung An diesem Tage Erlass (Beschluss): Die Vosteher der Tempel, die Propheten (hmntr), die Mysterienpriester (hrg-w-sitz), die Gottes-Reinen(?), 3) welche die Götter mit ihrem Stoff bekleiden, die Schreiber des Gottes-Buches, die Weisen (nh-'hzt), die Gottesväter (und) die Priester im gesammten, welche aus beiden Teilen Ägyptens [i.e. Ober- und Unterägypten]15) gekommen sind am 2. Tisus, an welchem das Jahreseröffnungsfest seiner Majestät gefeiert wird, und am 25. Tage in diesem Monat, and welchem seine Majestät 4) sein grosses Amt von seinem Vater empfing, sie haben sich in dem Gottes-Hause der beiden wohltätigen Götter im Pgutj versammelt und haben gesagt:(2) |
| 2-2 fehlt in B || b-b in A zerstört || c-c in B in umgekehrter Folge, "und die Schreiber des Lebens-Hauses und die Schreiber des Gottes-Buches"||d)B: Pa-gute a) Zu der Variation von B vergleiche den Kommentar (1) |
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II. Introduction and Decree The high priests and the prophets, and those who go into the holy place (i.e. the shrine) to array the gods in their apparel, and the bearers of feathers, and the sacred scribes, and the rest of the priests who gathered themselves together from the temples throughout the country for the fifth day of [the month of] Dios (October/December), whereon are celebrated the birthday festivals of the King, and for the twenty-fifth day of the same month, whereon he received the sovereignty from his father, having assembled on this day in the temple of the Well-Doing Gods in Canopus, spake [thus]: |
II Introduction a)On this Day'sa) Command (Resolution): The priests of Lesonis (mr-sn) and the prophetsb) and the priests, which walk in the sanctuary in orderb) to cloth the gods, andc) the scribes of the Divine-Book and the scribes of the House-of-the-Livingc) and the other priests, which came out of the temples of Egypt on the 5th day of the (month) Tis, is celebrated on the birthday of the king, and on the 25th day of the aforementioned month, in which he received the Royal-Office out of the hand of his father, who had gathered themselves in the Gods-House of the beneficial gods in Per-guted) (=Kanopus)e), they have said:(1) |
II Introduction On this Day's Declaration (Resolution): The Officer of the Temple, the prophets (hmntr), the priests of the mysteries (hrg-w-sitz), the Pure-bevor-the-Gods(?), 3) which clothed the gods with their garments, the scribes of the Book-of-the-Gods, the Wise (nh-'hzt), the paternal gods (and) all the priests, who came from both regions of Egypt [i.e. Upper- and Lower Egypt]15) on the 2nd of Tisus, on which is celebrated the opening of the year fest of his majesty and on the 25th day in that month, in which his majesty 4) received his great office from his father, they were gathered thogether in the Gods-House of both of the beneficial gods in Pgutj and they said:(2) |
| 2-2 is missing in B || b-b in A destroyed || c-c in B in reversed order, "and the scribes of the House-of-the-Living and the scribes of the Gods-Book"||d)B: Pa-gute a) For the variation in B compare the Comment Section (1) |
| III Begründung des Erlasses. Das Königspaar als Wohltäter der Tempel |
| Da König Ptolemy, der Sohn von Ptolemy und Arsinoe, der Bruder Gott und Schwester Gott, und Berenice, seine Schwester und Gattin, die Wohltuenden Götter, tun immerzu sehr viele gute Taten für die Tempel im ganzen Land und vermehren sehr die Ehren der Götter, | Da es geschah, daß der ewig lebende a) König Ptlumis, der Sohn des Ptlumis und der :rsn3), derbx) Götter Brüder, und die Königin Brnigb), seine Schwester, seine Frau, die Götter Wohltäter, viele grosse Wohltaten zu tun pflegen in den Tempeln Ägyptens zu jeder Zeit, und sie vermehren sehr die Ehre der Götter, | Da es geschah, daß der König von Ober-und Unterägypten Ptulmis, der ewig Lebende, von Ptah geliebte, der Sohn Ptulmis und der `rsins', der Götter Brüder, und die Fürstin Brnigs, seine Schwester und Frau, die beiden wohltätigen Götter sehr viele Wohltaten5) in den Tempeln Ägyptens zu jeder Zeit tun, in dem sie die Ehren der Götter gar sehr herrlich machen. |
| a) mur in B || b-b in A zerstört |
| III The Basis for the Proclamation. The Royal Couple as Beneficiaries of the Temples |
| Inasmuch as King Ptolemy, the son of Ptolemy and Arsinoe, the Brother God and Sister God, and Berenice, his sister and wife, the Well-Doing Gods, are at all times performing very many and great deeds of benevolence for the temples throughout the country; and are multiplying exceedingly the honours of the gods, | Since it happened that the eternal living a) king Ptlumis, the son of Ptlumis and the :rsn3), thebx) gods brothers, and queen Brnigb), his sister, his wife, the beneficiary of the gods, used to accomplish at all times many beneficiary tasks in the temples of Egypt, and they increase very much the honor of the gods, | Since it happened that the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Ptulmis, the eternal living, beloved of Ptah, the son of Ptulmis and the `rsins', the gods brothers, and Queen Brnigs, his sister and wife, both beneficiary gods accomplish at all times many beneficial tasks5) in the temples of Egypt, in as much as they increase the honor of the gods very much. |
| a) mur in B || b-b in A destroyed |
| Auf Deutsch |
| IV Sorge des Königspaares für die heiligen Tiere. Rückführung der von den Persern geraubten Götterbilder nach Ägypten |
| und für Apis und Mnevis, und für die anderen heiligen Tiere die in jenem Land angebetet werden, die versorgen sie sehr sorgfältig mit großen Kosten und reichlicher Versorgung, und die heiligen Ebenbilder die von den Persern (hier) aus den Landbezirken fortgetragen wurden, Der König nachdem er ihnen außerhalb Ägyptens nachfolgte, brachte sie sicher nach Ägypten zurück, und gab [sie] zurück zu den Tempeln von denen sie anfangs fortgetragen wurden, | und sie sorgen zu jeder Zeit für das, was den Apis, den Mnevis und die übrigen göttlichena) in Ägypten verehrten Tiere betrifft(?), und sie machen Aufwendungenb) und richten viele Dinge für sie herc)(4). Die Götterbilder, welche die Perser aus Ägypten weggenommen hatten, der König zog gegen die auswärtigen Gebiete,4) c)rettete sie (die Götterbilder), brachte sie nach Ägypten (zurück), in dem er sie (wieder) an ihre Tempel zurück gabc), aus denen sie früher weggenommen worden waren. [Hier] | Sie sorgten auch zu jeder Zeit für die Dinge (=Kultus) des Apis, Mnevis und allen göttlichen in Ägypten verehrten Tiere, und sie gaben grosse Dinge (d.i. reiche Gaben) und viele Zurüstungen6|, um den Unterhalt der Götterbilder zu bestreiten, welche die Elenden Persiens aus Ägypten heraus genommen hatten. Seine Majestät zog gegen die Länder Asiens. Er rettete sie (die Götterbilder), brachte sie nach Ägypten (zurück) und gab sie (wieder) an ihren Platz in den Tempeln, von wo sie früher weggenommen worden waren. |
| and for Apis and for Mnevis, and for the other sacred animals which are worshipped in the country, they take the greatest care in every way possible, with great expense and provision in abundance; and the sacred images which had been carried off from the country by the Persians the King having made an expedition outside Egypt, brought them back safely unto Egypt, and restored [them] to the temples wherefrom they had been carried off originally; | and they care at all times for that, which pertains(?) to the Apis, the Mnevis and the remaining divinely honored animalsa) in Egypt, and they expend much effortb) and arrange many things for themc)(4). The images of the gods, which were taken away out of Egypt by the Persians, the king marched into the outlying districts,4) c)rescued them (the images of the gods), brought them (back) to Egypt, in that he returned them (again) to the templesc) from which they were taken before. | They cared also at all times for the things (=cults) of Apis, Mnevis and all divinely honored animals in Egypt, and they gave great things (i. e. rich gifts) and many necessities6|, in order to maintain the provisions for the images of the gods, which had been taken out of Egypt by the wretched Persiens. His majesty marched against the Asian lands. He rescued them (the images of the gods), returned them (back) to Egypt and returned them (again) to their places in the temples from which they had been taken away in former times. |
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Das Wort für Persien in Hieroglyphs. Die wesentlichsten Konsonanten für das Wort `Perser', von rechts nach links geschrieben, sind |
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The word for
Persia in hieroglyphics. The essential elements for the word `Persians', written from right to left, are |
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E.A. Wallis Budge in his book provides an image of the hieroglyphics of the Canopus Decree where the word in question appears in line 6. While it is relatively easy to find the royal cartouches of the Ptolemaic kings and queens on the stone, to our knowledge no one has pointed out where the word for `Persians' can be read. We are showing the word on the stone itself in its hieroglyphic and in a separate image above in its Greek translation. The crown like glyph stands usually for foreign country. [E.A.W.Budge, `The Rosetta Stone', New York, 1989 ed.; In hieroglyphic writing words for land are: ateb (land,region), sept (country, nome) and ta-t (land, country) We notice the letter `t' is significant here too.]
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![]() See the spectacular Foto!
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The image of the captive from Medinet Habu, as found in Wreszinsky's `Atlas', is according to information we have, the only one where a figure in isolation from others is labeled `prst'. The name occurs also in other areas on the walls of Medinet Habu but apparently only as a sort of heading without singling out individuals. He appears to have been an officer of some distinction.
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| In English What about the Rosetta Stone? The irregularly shaped bilingual (Egyptian and Greek) Rosetta Stone's hieroglyphic writing is missing on its top part about 14 lines. These 14 lines are said to compare roughly to the last 28 lines (of 54) of the Greek text. It is estimated that it was from 18-24 inches longer in its original, proportional form compared to "the famous `Stele of Pithom' which Ptolemy II set up to record his triumphs and exploits." [Budge, `The Rosetta Stone', p. 36] Next Budge also compares the Rosetta Stone [100] to the `Stele of Canopus from Kom Al-Hisn' and the `Stele from Tall Al-Maskuutah', which were set up in honour of Ptolemy III, the founder of the great temple of Edfu and Ptolemy IV" as he describes the missing top portion with its vaulted heaven and winged disk art work or however else it might have looked like. "The priests who drew up the Decree on the `Rosetta Stone' ordered that a copy of the Decree, cut on a hard stone tablet, was to be set up in each of the temples of the first, second, and third classes in Egypt, and that their order was carried out is proved by the fact that portions of some of these duplicates have been found. The most important of these is the `Stele of Damanhur', or the `Stele of Annobairah', as it is sometimes called." [Ibid., p. 38f] The question then is, do the hieroglyphics for `Persians' appear on the `Rosetta Stone' or only on the `Canopus Decree'? The answer appears to be No, the word `Prstt' does not appear on the Rosetta Stone. It appears only on the `Canopus Decree'. We are currently trying to obtain an image of the `Stele of Damanhur'. |
| The word for `Persians' in demotic on the Canopus Decree would then presumably be made up of the letters `P' (pi), `R' (ro), `S' (Coptic shei), and `T' (tau or ti). The other letters were not readily discernible. In reality, however, the Coptic word for `Persia' may be quite different and not spelled with the letters we show here. In Coptic/Demotic script `Persiens' is written as shown in the image of page 219, 473. In hieroglyphic script of course the Egyptians refered to Egypt as the `Two Lands' (taui), the Upper and Lower. | In the Demotic version `Prstt' appears in line 12. According to Budge, "The Coptic alphabet contains 24 Greek letters, and 7 which are derived from demotic forms of hieratic characters to represent sounds for which the Greek alphabet contained no equivalents."[Ibid., p. 247] |
A Major Point of Reference in Ancient History The Combination of the Canopus evidence with that of Medinet Habu as described above is currently our reference point to locate Ramses III on the BC time scale and goes a long ways in confirming the stance taken by this revision to locate other major kings of previous time periods up to perhaps at least the beginning of the 19th Dynasty. The equation of the `Prst' with `Persians' also influences strongly our stance on identifying other people groups mentioned in the ancient texts which have remained relatively obscure for so long. Among these are the `Sherdana'. Notes & References [020] We are told, `the best translation of the demotic version of the Canopus decree can be found in R. K. Simpson, Demotic Grammar in the Ptolemaic Sacerdotal Decrees (Oxford: Griffith Institute 1996), p. 224-241; the book contains also a very good bibliography. PD Dr. Joachim Friedrich Quack Ägyptologisches Seminar FU Berlin.' [100] Analysis determined that the stone's natural color is dark grey (melanocratic) and its geologic texture fine grained. It is made up of quartz as a major phase. Grain size is mostly 0.2-0.4 mm, with some large crystals (phenocrysts) up to a few mm in length. Minerals present in amounts >5% may include: quartz, both - alkali and plagioclase feldspar, apatite (by 1% phosphorous content), hornblende and biotite. Minerals present in smaller amounts include: opaque iron oxides, apatite and titanite (spene). Black granite is expected to contain coarser grains and is usually porphyritic, with large white phenocrysts of feldspar. Basalt may be a little higher in CaO, MgO, FeO and Fe2O3 compared to granite. The conclusion reached was that the Rosetta Stone is of grandiorite (av. 0.18% phosphorous), close to tonalite, origin and may have been quarried in the Aswan area. [Andrew Middleton & Dietrich Klemm, The Geology of the Rosetta Stone in Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 89, 2003, p. 207-216.] |
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