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Early Bronze Metallic Wares
(Based on Raphael Greenberg & Naomi Porat, `A 3rd Millenium Levantine Pottery Production Center" Typology, Petrography, and Provenance of Metallic Ware of Northern Israel and Adjacent Regions' in BASOR, Feb 1996, p. 5-24.)
Types of Wares
Saucers, Platter-bowls, jugs and jugglets, small jars, pithos, etc.
Period Association
A single `metallic ware (MW)' in EB I context was reported from Tel Yaqush, about half way between Beth Shean and the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee, a discovery which needs more study according to the authors. The vast majority of these wares were made in the EB II typology tradition, in strata above late EB I and has little in common with EB I forms. At sites lacking EB I wares, `MW' appear in quantity in the lowest strata (Hazor, Tel Dan). At the other end of the time spectrum, sites containing `MW' do not show evidence of EB III occupation (Qiryat Ata, Me'ona, Tel Te'o). At sites with EB III occuption, the relative quantity of `MW" is drastically reduced (Khirbet Kerak Ware at Qishyon, Tel Yaqush, Hazor, and Tel Bet Yerah). However, at both Hazor and Tel Qishyon, phases have been reportedly identified with isolated Khirbet Kerak sherds appearing alongside abundant Metallic Ware, suggesting a possible overlap. In CIAS opinion that might make the previous statements intending to find clear separation as to time (EB) assignments irrelevant. They were used throughout the whole of at least EB II-III.
Micro Petrography
The paste of which `MW' is made is mainly composed of shale fragments (ca. up to 15%), quartz (up to 5%), and carbonates (<5%).
Shale: From red and yellow to gray or black. Black shale are rich in minute iron oxides, red & yellow shale indicate a natural state of oxidation of iron within the clay. Gray results from a reducing atmosphere in the kiln.
Quartz: Coarse (sand sized) and fine (silty), sometimes with growth rims and coated with iron oxides. No feldpars were found. Tourmaline and zircon are rare, and no other, less stable, heavy metals have been identified, suggesting that the source of the quartz is in mature sandstones. The finer quartz is angular and poorly sorted, and its origin is siltstone.
Carbonates: Most samples contain some limestone grains which often appear milky because it has decomposed to varying degrees, due to firing temperatures that exceed 850°C. Under those conditions, the original texture of the limestone is no longer preserved.
Siltstone: These are rock fragments, aggregates of silty quartz cemented with clay minerals or iron oxides. Fine mica laths are occasionally found. With increased clay mineral contents, siltstone grades into shale fragments, and with increasing iron oxide content it grades into iron oxide grains.
Basalt & Other Volcanic Fragments: These vary in texture which can include trachytic texture, with elongated and oriented plagioclase laths. The colorless phase is almost isotropic interpreted as noncrystalline silicate, the other phase is opaque suggesting a mafic source, composed of hematite and magnetide. Electron microprobe analyses shows them to be highly weatherd volcanic rocks, where kaolinite has replaced plagioclase laths while the iron-bearing minerals were weathered to iron oxides.
Oolites: Usually round grains of iron oxide sometimes with a concentric internal structure, and a carbonate composition may be observed.
Source Areas
Found in locations mostly west of the Sea of Galilee in a 30-40 kilometer radius, from Beth Shean in the south toward Megiddo and up near the coast to about Tyre toward the Hula Valley and down south again along the Jordan River Valley.

Supposed Origin
The composition of the `MW' and the difference between its composition and that of the non-metallic, local ware indicate that the metallic vessels found in these parts were not manufactured in the immediate vicinity of most sites at which they were found. The raw materials must have been located at a distance, in the vicinity of the Mt. Hermon massif or perhaps further north, in Lebanon, where extensive outcrops of the Hatira formation are found. They were made closer to where they were found.

El Amarna Tablets
EA Letters Elemental Groupings Chemical Analysis/Addit. Comments Micro-Paleontology Geological Environments
Source Area
1, 14
Written to Babylon
Esnah shale of Upper Egypt especially from the Esna-Idfu region
EA 33, 34, 35, 38
Written to King of Ugarit

These were made from the marl of the Pakhna formation that is distributed in Kouklia, Alassa and Kalavasos. But not in Enkomi. Like the tablets, this marl is remarkable for its cream to buff color, its plasticity and the hard fabric it forms.

EA#37 is made up of basalts, radiolarian mudstone, flint, limestone, fine-grained, low-grade metamorphic greywacke and their derived minerals.

Characterized by marl with a few calcareous and volcanic rock fragments.
EA 37 is characterized by having a more clay-rich matrix with abundant inclusions of weathered spilitic basalt, lime stone, low-grade metamorphic greywacke, quartz and flint. The main inclusions of EA#37 are evaluated to be consistent with coming from a source area consisting of basic volcanic and lesser sedimentary rocks. The compositional characteristics suggest this would have been on the margin of an opholite complex where pillow-lavas and dolerite are exposed, and bordering a sedimentary area containing carbonatic, argillaceous and siliceous rocks. In the eastern Mediterranean, this description may fit the ophiolite complexes of the Troodos Mountains on Cyprus, the Mersin and Pozanti-Karsanti massifs in Cilicia, Kizildag in Hatay in southern Turkey and the Baer-Bassit massif in northwest Syria. The Troodos ophiolite, which is remarbably well preserved, constitutes a series of pillow-lavas, dolerite and gabbro exposures. These rocks alter into fine plastic clays, some of which have been used for pottery production. [www.tau.ac.il]
162, 163
Written to Amurru, western Syria
Esnah shale of Upper Egypt especially from the Esna-Idfu region
190, 367, 370
Written to rulers in Canaan
Esnah shale of Upper Egypt especially from the Esna-Idfu region
163 Typical example of Nile silt
33-35, 37, 38
Written by Alashiya to Egypt
EA#33, 34, 38 consist of cream to buff color marl of good plasticity of the Pakhma formation found around Kouklia, Alassa and Kalavasos. Contains marl with a few calcareos & volcanic rock fragments.
EA 37 contains a more clay-rich matrix with abundant inclusions of weathered spilitic basalt, lime-stone, low-grade metamorphic [40] graywacke, quartz and flint.
Basic volcanic and lesser sedimentary rocks. Composite characteristics: On a margin of an ophiolite complex where pillow lavas and dolerite are exposed, and bordering a sedimentary area containing carbonatic, argillaceous and siliceous rocks. Ex. a) the Troodos mountains, Cyprus - EA#37 & RS.L.1; b) the Mersin and c) Pozanti-Karsanti massif of NW Syria; d) Kizildag in Hatay in southern Turkey; e) the Baer-Bassif massif of NW Syria.
RS. L.1
Written by Alashiya to Ugarit
Reddish clay with poorly sorted, angular inclusions of dolerite, limestone, serpentine and flint. Basic volcanic and lesser sedimentary rocks. Composite characteristics: On a margin of an ophiolite complex where pillow lavas and dolerite are exposed, and bordering a sedimentary area containing carbonatic, argillaceous and siliceous rocks. Ex. a) the Troodos mountains, Cyprus - EA#37 & RS.L.1; b) the Mersin and c) Pozanti-Karsanti massif of NW Syria; d) Kizildag in Hatay in southern Turkey; e) the Baer-Bassif massif of NW Syria.
60, 157 Composed of diverse shale, ferruginous to argillaceous, and ferruginous ooliths, quartz sand and siltstone. Also contains tuff and weathered basalt fragments. Mountains east of Tripoli, Lebanon.
61, 62, 156 159 Contain Neogene marl Miocene or Pliocene era exposures east and south of Tripoli, Nahr el-Awdeh, Tell Arde (Ardata?).
161, 164, 169-171 Contains marl with foraminifers of Neogene recent age. Inclusions include primarily igneous, usually basalt and rarely dolerite, together with limestone and some quartz. Inland part of the Akkar Plain (near Halba, Tell Arqa and Nahr el-Kebir) where marine deposits and volcanics appear jointly.
59
Written by a citizen of Tunip to pharaoh.
It is said that glauconite is formed by marine diagenesis of materials in shallow water at a time of slow sedimentation. It may appear as impurities in limestones and marls. When in high proportions they form `greensands', a term for the color. Glauconite is a potential source for dating by the Potassium-Argon method. In Syria glauconite is reportedly found in restricted areas: 1. in the Palmyrids depression, the southern slopes of the Halab uplift, the western slopes of Jebel Anseriyeh, and much more seldom on the eastern slopes of the Anti-Lebanon, however, the western slopes of the Anti-Lebanon would be closer to Baalbek/Dan/Tunip.
Comment: Recently inscriptional evidence was found that Baalbek was Tunip.
Under crossed polarizers, green bar size=0.2 mm.
A)
1. glauconite pellets (green spheres)
2. chalk (white bodies) in foraminiferous marl.
B)
1. Coralline alga (Amphiroa sp. algae)
Said to belong to the Paleogene Age.
Comments: While current information wants to locate Tunip at Tell Asharneh along the bank of the Orontes River, inside Syria, we believe that the Baaka Valley region, closer to Baalbek, also has soil which might contain glauconite since amber was found there in some quantities before the Arab uprising in Lebanon. The amber came from the resin of ancient buried trees. Glauconite or Potash is a Phyllosilicate of the Mica group and can be found in marine sediments close to a coast. Anciently the Baaka Valley may have been submerged for a time by the ocean since the Lebanese mountains are known to be rich sources of high quality fish and marine fossils.
167 Contains Coralline alga (Amphira sp. algae)
259 Contains partly chloritized spilite.
249 Contains Jordan sand, including basalt, chalk and quartz.
165-167 Contain coralline alga, Amphiroa sp. algae, flint, igneous minerals such as serpentine and olivine. Contain Pleistocene to Holocene beach deposits, Senonian or Eocene flint. The only coastal place where these sediments occur together is the coastal area of the Akkar Plain. The mafic elements were probably transported there from the basalts of Nahr el-Kebir. Corresponds to the general setting of Tell Kazel.
Late Period Phoenician Hellenistic Wares
(Based on Andrea M. Berlin, `From Monarchy to Markets: The Phoenicians in Hellenistic Palestine' in BASOR, May 1997, p. 75-88.)
Types of Wares
Baggy Jars, table jugs, table amphorae, lagynos, juglets, amphoriskos, unguentariuns, etc.
Micro Petrography
Thin sectioning: fine, dense clay matrix - sand, fragmentary and crushed gastropod shells, and occasionally clam shells. Indicates clay source was quite close to the coast.
Source Areas
Southern Phoenicia, Cyprus, Oumm el-Amed (20 km south of Tyre - site of a single, simple farm on a small plain facing the sea).
Discussion of Periodicity
(Based on Gunnar Lehmann, `Trends in the Local Pottery Development of the Late Iron Age and Persian Period in Syria and Lebanon, ca. 700-300 BC' in BASOR, Aug 1998, p. 7-37.)

"Too often the material record is related in a somewhat naive way to known historical events. On the contrary, one should expect to study the archaeological record independent of the historical record before connecting them, to find an absolut date for archaeological finds. All too often it is assumed that a historical change led to an immediate change in the material culture. However, an archaeological periodization system should be based only on an analysis of the material record. Furthermore, it should be related to the historical record only after it appears completely consistent internally."

While the above statements have been voiced for quite some time, the research presented here at CIAS shows that interpreting occupation layers without written instructions is a hazardous task indeed, as far as historical interpretation is concerned, and has led to many erroneous conclusions.

Comments: Here at CIAS we also believe that a whole new historical criteria needs to be considered which is consistent with ancient written sources like the Hebrew Bible. Archaeologists should very much acquaint themselves with the newest information on the evolutionary/creationist debate and basic philosopical recognition of interpretations on what `science' is and what it is not. Proven criteria like, `Normal, operational science' vs `Origins or historical science' needs to be understood and applied. Archaeologists need to get away from bankrupt Darwinian Evolutionary Thinking, the billions, hundreds and tens of thousands of years. Civilization is not that old as amply demostrated.[030] The baleful consequences of evolutionistic tendencies to connect man with some Neanderthal or even supposed older types of humanoids (s.t. monkey types) has wrecked havoc on interpretations in ancient history. It is time to face up to this situation and begin to correct the record. When dealing with the days of creation and the age of the earth, whom do you trust today - the latest secular findings that use assumptive dating methods or the more reliable method of consulting a history book provided by the Eyewitness account - God who inspired the Bible? Even among Christians there are various views on the age of the earth. So, how old is the earth? From the view of evolutionistic scholars, who seem to put their trust in the US Geologic Survey, the Earth is approximately 4.54 billion years old. From the view of biblical creationists like Martin Luther who said:

"When Moses writes that God created heaven and earth and whatever is in them in six days, then let this period continue to have been six days, and do not venture to devise any comment according to which six days were one day. But, if you cannot understand how this could have been done in six days, then grant the Holy Spirit the honor of being more learned than you are." [Martin Luther, What Martin Luther Says: A Practical In-Home Anthology for the Active Christian. AiG, June 14, 2005]

The Biblical data allow the addition of the genealogies and other information given in Scripture, which add up to the Earth being about 6,000 years old. It really comes down to the issue of biblical authority. Believing in a relatively "young earth" is a consequence of accepting the authority of the Word of God as an infallible revelation from our Creator. So, whom do you trust—The US Geologic Survey or the divine Eyewitness? Here at CIAS we shall point out these things as best and as often as we can. It will take time to make this into a more coherent account but with input we hope to progress in presenting a better history.

Comment: But, you may bristle up and say, Dr. Martin Luther had no knowledge of science. How can you quote him? What did he know about anything? Like we said before, is it knowledge today's scientists teach or assumptions? Origins science which no one observed and where no one was present and which cannot be reproduced today, are pure belief and not science. Evolutionists are their own brand of `theologians', as such Dr. Martin Luther is very well qualified to speak up on the subject. We trust the Eyewitness account.

Additional Sources for Information

A map of northern Israel survey areas includes: Tel Dan, Abel Abel Bet Ma`acah, Te'o (Teo), Kinnerot, Reqet (Khirbet el-Quneitra), Bet Yerah, Qishyon, Qashish, Ta'anakh, Yoqne'am, Yaqush; All located between Bet Shean, the Med. Sea and the Hula Valley. The southern Lebanese Beqa, the Golan plateau, Galilee, the Jezreel Valley and Tel Taanakh is the source of much EB II and III metallic ware, pottery ware that sounds metallic when lightly struck. [100] The article describes the petrography of ware from Tel Dan and Tel Teo.

EB IV Petrographic Differences from the following sources: 1) Har Dimon located in the Negeb SE of Beth Pelet and W of the Dead Sea. Described as `Lower Cretaceous group, Ferruginous shales with Nubian sandstone quartz grains.; 2) Nahal Refaim not far from Bethelem, south of Jerusalem; described as Moza clay and dolomitic sand group.; 3) Mashabei Sadeh, located W of Har Dimon; described as Arkose group, Granitic arkose; 4) Beer Resisim (nearby); described as Mollusk fossil shell fragments and from the same location 5) a) Loess and calcareous/ quartz sand group. b) Nile silt group.[200]

Definitions

Conglomerate When coarse gravel is lithified within a matrix. Coarse gravel There are clast-supported and matrix-supported coarse gravels. Clast-gravel When rocks touch each other and the voids are filled with matrix.
Matrix-gravel The rocks are almost entirely surrounded by matrix. Mass-wasting As in the flow of debris, a landslide or a slump. littoral along beaches
"Percussion marks appear limited to relatively smooth clasts of hard and vitreous, cryptocrystalline or microcrystalline lithologies (i.e. hard, brittle, strong, homogeneous materials) that collide at relative velocities of at least several meters per second. Percussion marks alone are indicative of a highly energetic and erosive environment." [300]
Articles
[0010] Yuval Goren, Israel Finkelstein & Nadav Na'aman, `The Expansion of the Kingdom of Amurru According to the Petrographic Investigation of the Amarna Tablets' in BASOR, Feb 2003, No. 329, p. 1-11.
[0020] Photomicrographs from Shiqmim and Pseira, Cyprus compared in BA, Vol. 51, p. 198f.
[0030] See Carl Wieland, `Radiometric Breakthroughs', http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i2/radiometric.asp, or/and Geophysics and 6 Days.
[040] For interesting info on metamorphic rocks called `eclogite' click here.
[100] Raphael Greenberg, A Third Millenium Levantine Pottery Production Center in BASOR, Feb 1996, p. 5-24.
[200] Yuval Goren, The Southern Levant in the EB IV Age in BASOR, Aug 1996, p. 33-72.
[300] Michael J. Oard & Peter Klevberg, Deposits Remaining from the Genesis Flood: Rim Gravels in Arizona in Creation Research Society Quarterly (CRSQ), Vol. 42, June 2005, p. 1-(6,7)-17.
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