We have received from Dr. Max Ohnefalsch-Richter [110] the following interesting account of recent discoveries made by him in Cyrpus under a commission from the German Emperor: -

It was Sir Henry Bulwer, former High Commissioner, who gave the impulse to the German explorations in Cyprus. True to the traditions of his family, he has always taken a very deep interest in scientific investigations. When he heard that for reasons which I cannot state here I had been shut out from the more extensive excavations in Cyprus begun by the British in 1888, he advised me to try Berlin. He saw how rich Cyprus was in antiquities and that there was plenty of room for more workers. It was his principle to encourage all systematically-conducted excavations under the authority of learned bodies, museums, or Ministries of Instruction (to whatever country they belong), and to forbid all private excavations undertaken with a view to individual gains. If the British alone were allowed to excavate, the number of genuine workers would not be great enough to check underhand, lawless plunder, and to keep up a large police force would be too costly. Besides, all extension of the permission to excavate would, without extra outlay, bring to the Government of Cyprus and to the flourishing Cyprus Museum in Nicosia rich acquisitions. For by the law as it at present stands one-third of the finds on private land and two-thirds on State land fall to the Cyprus Government, and these shares must be brought to Nicosia and delivered up.

The researches in the kingdom of Tamassos were undertaken by the General Administration of the Royal Berlin Museums, and I was responsible to the General Director Geheimrat Schöne. The researches in the kingdom of Idalion are directly commissioned by his Majesty the Emperor, and my immediate superior is his Excellency Dr. Bosse, Secretary of State for Public Instruction. I have always enjoyed special encouragement from Dr. A. Furtwängler, of the Berlin University and Berlin Museum, now called to the Munich University and Munich Museum as successor to the famous Professor H. Brunn. Dr. Furtwängler was sent to Cyprus in 1889 on behalf of the Prussian Government to superintend my work and arrange for the partition of the antiquities.

The collected results of investigations in Tamassos and Idalion (with some additions from other parts of the island) are to be published in 1895 by Giesecke and Devrient, in a richly illustrated work, entitled "Tamassos und Idalion." For this book his Majesty the German Emperor has allowed a considerable sum of money. I shall publish the work in collaboration with Professor Furtwängler. Other contributors to the work are Professor R. Virchow (Berlin), H. Weeren (Berlin-Charlottenburg), W. Deecke (Buchsweiler), J. Euting (Strasburg), R. Meister (Leipzig) Dr. W. von Landau (Berlin), and possibly also Dr. Dörpfeld (Athens).

The most interesting fact connected with the two kingdoms of Tamassos and Idalion is that within their compass are found remains of so many different periods of civilization, from the earliest to the late Roman or Byzantine times. Therefore a work treating of these two sites amounts to an essay on Cyprian civilization and art. Assuming this to be so, the different periods will be much better understood by reference to the plates showing form in pottery, which reproduces the most characteristic and least fragile of the terra-cotta vessels.

In Tamassos the excavations began in the Necropolis. The oldest field of graves runs right up to the southern edge of the tower of Tamassos, and is situated on the slope of a hill named Lamberti. The remains in it belong to the bronze, but not to the copper, period. The oldest strata of all, which appear in their full purity near Idalion at Alambra Mavragi, are here absent. At the period to which the oldest graves of Tamassos belong, as in Hissarlik, pottery is still unpainted, and this is one of the most striking features of resemblance between Cyprus pottery of this kind and that found in the lowest strata of Troy-Hissarlik. In the tombs of Lamberti vessels are painted, and made by hand, not on the potter's wheel. The earliest wheel turned vessels [200] which appear in the Cyprian bronze period are the so-called Mykenae vases, probably originally imported and then imitated on the island. The potter's wheel first appears in the period of transition between iron and bronze, when Greeks and Phoenicians are known to have been settled on the island. The finds at Tamassos belonging to this stratum and consisting of clay vessels, stone utensils, bronze and copper objects, and glazed beads are very numerous. Silver was rare, gold still rarer. Only two gold bracelets were found, and they were exactly like Trojan gold bracelets. In general the evidence of the remains goes to prove that the oldest Cyprian population was settled in the north and west, not in the south or east. The earliest immigrants to Cyprus had nothing to do with Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, or the Semites. They belonged to the same group of races as the original inhabitants of Southern, Central, and perhaps Northern Europe, and if we name them at all we must call them Indo-Europeans. The English scholar, J.L. Myers, has recently given valuable testimony in favour of this view. They were .... rural race, who, as discoveries show, .... in the fruitful and well watered plains. ... very tomb are found the customary milk-.... ng-vessel ... nd each of the .... settle ... ... marked by a heap of grindstones for corn.

... Tamassos I found some of these stones with the .....n the graves. About the middle of the second ... (??)ry BC, or perhaps earlier, the trade with Egypt ...n. After this green glazed clay amulets, Egyptian (sca)rabs, and ivory occur.

The most unique example of pottery of this period is an amphora-shaped vase, burnt and painted, found at Tamassos, the two handles of which are formed by two dogs springing up. Among the vases represented in the wall painting on the tomb of Rekhmara, King of Egypt, as being presented by the Kefa to Thutmose III., is one so very similar to this that there can be no question of chance [500]. We must conclude that there was lively communication between Cyprus and Egypt. Probably the Kefa brought vases like this, made in Cyprus, as a tribute to the Egyptian kings. In the same tombs I found a multitude of peculiar bronze pins with mushroom-shaped heads and a rectangular slit in the upper part. Flinders Petrie found many pins of this kind in Egypt, and has already referred to the Cyprus finds (although without accurate reports as a basis), and proposed to use them as evidence of date. These pins belong to the same period in both places.

In this campaign I found no early Babylonian or Assyrian objects in Idalion or Tamassos. But in the Necropolis at Ayia Paraskevi, excavated by Mr. J.L. Myers, I found in December, 1884, for the Cyprus Museum a real Babylonic-Assyrian cylinder mounted in gold and inscribed in cuneiform character. The late Assyriologist, S. Birch, dated the cylinder before 1500 BC, A.H. Sayce before 2000 BC. Whether, as some have supposed probable, Sargon I. undertook a campaign against Cyprus, and whether Sargon I. must really be dated about 3800 BC, can only be decided by more evidence from cuneiform inscriptions. The cylinder of Sargon I. and his son Naram-Sin [800] was found in Cyprus, but unfortunately no trustworthy archaeologist was present at the excavation.

Another important epoch, remains of which I have identified at Tamassos and Idalion, is the great Mycenæan period, when Peleponesian Greeks first came as adventurers and mercenary soldiers to the further East and Egypt, to appear later as a successful, independent, warlike, and conquering Power. Our work, "Tamassos and Idalion", will treat specially of this interesting page of Oriental history in which Cyprus is closely concerned.

The monuments of the Græco-Phœnician period at Tamassos and Idalion are of great interest. The theory, so rife among older authors, that the Phœnicians from the earliest times were masters of the sea must now be abandoned. It was only at the beginning of the second century BC that the Phœnicians extended their numerous factories and threads of connexion over the whole of the then known world. This period falls into several divisions, but the Phœnician element never appears pure, always mingled with Greek influence. Valuable remains of it exist in Tamassos and Idalion. This is the period of Homer and his lays. The influence of Homeric customs lasts several centuries. When discoveries from Homeric times are not forthcoming we must interpret Homer in the light of discoveries from the ages during which the influence of Homeric culture was still felt. This was the plan followed by Halbig in his "Das Homerische Epos", and I supplied him with a mass of material for his second edition.

From the discoveries made at Tamassos for the Royal Museums I select only one example for mention - viz., a mighty sword of iron now in Cambridge, England. When the finds were divided the sword fell to the share of his Beatitude the Archbishop Sophronios, and it was sold by him with other things to Sir Henry Bulwer, who presented it to the museum at Cambridge. I excavated the sword in one of the king's graves near Tamassos. It certainly belongs to the sixth century BC. It is the first known instance of a sword adorned with silver bosses such as Homer describes.[1000] In the massive handle, fitted with ivory scales, I found the bronze sword-nails with silver heads still in their places. In shape the sword was the same as the one excavated by Schliemann on the Acropolis of Mycenæ. In the same royal tomb I found, in addition to numerous other bronzes, a helmet with a ball-top and cheek pieces (now in Berlin), and a sword-nail with a gold head, probably belonging to a still finer gala sword, which must have been taken away in very early times. Homer says that Agammemnon's sword was studded with golden nails. My discoveries, now in Cambridge, including the sword and the sword-nail, are briefly described in the London Academy, but their meaning seems to have escaped the writer of the notice.

Side by side with the Homeric lays, the early national Epos of the Aryan Greeks, towers its great Oriental Semitic counterpart, the Old Testament of the Hebrews.

It was no great wonder that in Cyprus, so early colonized by Greeks and Phœnicians, many discoveries were made which help to explain the Old Testament. In my recent work, "Kypros, the Bible and Homer" (published by Asher and Co., London, 1893), I treated the subject fully. I will here notice only one discovery made by me a few weeks ago on the Eastern Acropolis of Idalion. Among the female trinkets spoken of in the Old Testament the Nezem, or nose-ring, occurs very frequently. I have been so fortunate as to be able to identify in Cyprus this strange ornament hitherto unknown in Eastern archaeology. One of the beads of the clay figures were set up in the enclosure for votive offerings belonging to the sanctuary of Aphrodite wears the nose-ring. This will be published in our forthcoming work. Among the Græco-Phœnician finds from the graves of Tamassos may be noted some fine engraved gems and glass pastes in silver and gold swivel rings, among the designs being a scene of war-chariots and the "exposition" of a corpse surrounded by genii, a silver kylix, with a beautifully-modelled relief in the centre representing a horse walking (Cyprus Museum); several pairs of large gold earrings with fine pendants shaped like berries, and carved in the form of a sparrow-hawk and heavily set in gold (also in Nicosia). Among the bronzes were some beautifully stylized pitchers, cups, candelabra, and, more important still, fragments of bronze coats of a striding figure in Egyptian taste (Berlin). Among the objects made of iron there are, besides the swords already mentioned, a knife with an ivory handle, and the representation of a dog in Assyrian taste, and a number of mighty javelins (wrongly called prongs for roasting meat). Among the vases a conspicuous place is taken by a valuable imported black-figured Attic amphora, the work either of Amasis, the well-known Greek vase painter, or of one of his most skillful pupils. A comparison with other vases known to be by Amasis will suffice to substantiate this conclusion. The vase is in the Cyprus Museum.

A very beautiful object was found in a stone chest walled in above the finest Royal tomb (No. 5, Section IV.), and now in the Cyprus Museum. It is of late Hellenistic date and may serve to represent the more recent stratum.

This is a gold chain of marvelously fine workmanship, made in complicated knotted pattern and ending in two charming female heads. There can be no doubt about the date, although we were able to decide by workmanship alone we should be tempted to place it earlier. The chain must have lain around the neck of the corpse, and at the side of the head, near the ears, lay ornaments in the shape of flying Erotes, and earring-motive which has long been known to belong to late Helenistic times. Near the mouth lay two obols, one of them a bronze coin of an early Roman Emperor, the other a coin of one of the later Ptolemies.

The most important German discovery in Tamassos consists of three Royal tombs, two of them approached by steps, the third by a sloping road or dromos about 60 feet long. In making these graves the soil was first taken away till sufficient space was emptied, and then this masonry was built in. The inner coating of the tombs and the pointed roofs of all three are made of carefully hewn blocks of stones. The blocks for the roofs are of colossal dimensions. The inner walls are all the visitor sees. They are made of uncemented blocks laid one on the other, and riveted together by large leaden bolts. The space between the masonry and the soil is filled up with broken bits of rough stones fastened together with lime mortar. The same materials were placed over the roofs. The tomb without a stair is sunk deeper than any other two. It is also the largest and roomiest of the three, and has a roof like a church. The approach, of 60 ft., in length, is simply dug in earth, and leads slanting down to a large entrance court paved with flagstones. All along each side the approach is lined with a massive wall.

In this "Dromos" grave the door is not ornamented, and is closed by a massive flagstone.

The graves with steps are much richer. The smaller one consists of a single chamber. The sarcophagus in which the Prince was buried was placed at the inner end of the chamber. Here the entrance is ornamented with a toothed edge and flanked by two pilasters which rise directly from the stone floor, but end above in capitals with snail-shell volutes. In the third grave, which is architectonically the richest and contains two chambers, there are similar capitals with the snail-shell volutes growing out of a triangle.

The large stone tomb with the dromos had been plundered, probably only once, on account of the gold and silver objects and the engraved gems. The spoliation not being complete, we were able to bring away a number of ornaments, among them some gems, two of which were set in rings, one of gold, one a silver swivel ring. The grave with one chamber and flight of steps had been completely denuded of gold and silver, with the exception of the gold sword-nail already spoken of and a silver kylix of half-spherical form; but almost all the bronze and iron objects had been left.

The grave with two chambers and a flight of steps must have been plundered several times, even as late as the period when bronze was so much in request. Nothing was left but common clay ware. The architecture is very interesting, for it directly imitates in stone the construction of wood, a procedure almost without parallel. We first enter a kind of porch formed by a flat roof of beams laid close together supported by Ionicized capitals and pilasters. Passing through this we enter the tomb chambers, the first a large roomy ante-chamber, the second the funeral chamber properly so called, containing a mound on which the sarcophagus is placed. While the funeral chamber produces an effect of simply massive dignity, the porch is adorned with every kind of design. Over the entrance door and the door into the funeral chamber are blind windows with richly carved and decorated sills in wood technique imitated in stone. Windows of corresponding shape and size can be bought today in the villages. I bought one with shutters in Lapith. When the shutters are shut they look just like the anti ... the Royal tomb. In our public ... ...on ... of the modern window .... themselves in the antiq... (damaged folded area) on one votive .....s and votive ...... on the (Aolo)p(...?)(?) of Idalion. The design is formed of triangles out of which grow, above, palmettes; below, snail shells. A horizontal plaque finishes it off. In the triangles are sun and half-moon or a head of Hathor, in the space between the volutes of the palmettes is a bunch of lotus buds and flowers with a or without smaller palmette blossoms. Besides the richly-ornamented windows over the real doors in our Tamassos tomb a massive blind door is constructed on each side of the rectangular front porch and is represented as if barred. The massive bolt is drawn forward just as it is in reality in a modern peasant's house and in the house where I live. My publication will contain a representation of a modern peasant's bolt of this kind.

The roofing of the porch is very elaborate, and consists of rafters curiously knitted together with boards. A complicated wood construction is here imitated in stone. Lastly, on the entrance-door, a wooden lock is imitated in stone. The same things occur in the smaller stone tomb. Wooden locks exactly like the ancient ones are to be seen in numbers in the villages of the island. In modern peasant houses at Karpas I found surprising parallels to the pilasters and capitals with snail-shell volutes, which have their broad sides in one line of direction, not with the facade, but with the door-jambs. These explain themselves from the roof-construction as a whole.

I excavated two more sanctuaries in Tamassos for the Royal Museums. The first, dedicated to the Mother of the Gods, was a very primitive one within the town. Only small votive offerings were found here, statuettes of clay and stone, and one Greek dedicatory inscription applied to the edge of a vessel.

The other sanctuary lies outside the town, on the River Pidias (the Pedaios of the ancients), between two villages, and was dedicated to Apollo. L. Ross mentions the site in the record of his travels, and I was fortunate enough to identify it. Some time before his arrival a life-size bronze statue had been found, hewn in pieces, and sold separately by weight as old bronze. On the same site I excavated two very peculiar archaic bronze statuettes. The larger, now in Berlin, is of good workmanship, and wears a helmet; the smaller, a rougher execution, with an Egyptian head-cloth, is in a private collection at Nicosia. The larger one recalls in position and attitude the so-called Apollo figures, such as those of Bœotia. I also found remains of life-size bronze statues, a headless stone colossal draped figure of Helenistic period, and, finally, a stone four-horsed chariot from the period of Pheidas. This was much defaced by the river water.

I was obliged to give up my excavation in consequence of a sudden tempest of rain, which flooded and washed away what I had already dug out of the bed of the river, thus annihilating the results of my labour.

In Idalion we first examined the field of tombs surrounding the town. Among the finds I am inclined to lay special stress on some archaic gold leaves belonging to breastplates, and decorated with sunk impressions representing corn divinity. The eyes are closed, as in figures on Mycenean gold ornaments. The god protrudes his tongue, and wears a crown of corn ears and a long garment with a tasseled girdle. His arms are extended, and so are the hands, which hold ears of corn. To judge by the clay vessels found in it, the tomb is certainly older than 600 BC. These golden breastplates were sent with the other contents of the tomb to Berlin.

The other grave (No. 26) fell to the share of the Cyprus Museum. Among the ornamental objects, I may mention a silver swivel ring with a scaraboid, on which a lyre is engraved, set in gold.

In the same stratum of discovery in Idalion, Tamassos, and other parts of Cyprus appear antique fibulæ, mostly of bronze, more rarely of silver, more rarely still of gold. In a similar tomb of Idalion lay two small elongated fibulæ of silver in shape and size like our modern safety pins, and also a large bronze bow-shaped fibula.

Among the tomb discoveries was a small aryballos made of green-glazed clay, and interesting because of its rarity. It is in the form of a double head, one being male and bearded, the other female.

Among the clay vessels were again some imported from Athens -- c.g., an aryballos in the form of a female head, and a small pipkin with an ancient Greek inscription scratched on it. A Cyprian shell lamp bears a long-scratched inscription in the Cyprian syllabary character.

Among indigenous vases I was struck by a kylix with a metope-like painting on the shoulder in a design of rosettes and birds. This seems to be an attempt to imitate a Dipylon type.

The underground royal graves at Tamassos, with all their splendour of architecture, bronzes, weapons, and ornaments, find a brilliant counterpart in the principal sanctuary of Idalion Aphrodite on its proud mountain height. The present writer was the discoverer of this sanctuary. The site of the ancient town of Idalion had been ascertained by L. Ross with approximate correctness. Its natural situation on two hills was the occasion of the existence of two acropoleis, an eastern and a western. While I was able to identify a sanctuary of the Idalion Athene on the western acropolis, I succeeded in discovering and partly excavating the sanctuary of Aphrodite on the eastern acropolis. This adjoined the sacred mountain grove in which, according to the legend, Aphrodite met her lover Adonis. The whole sacred wood originally lay outside the town, stretching far along the chain of hills which begins with the hill of the eastern acropolis. It was only in later times, although certainly not later than the fourth century, that the high altar and part of the mountain wood containing a space for votive gifts were enclosed, thus forming a smaller precinct entirely within the surrounding city wall, perhaps about 125 meter long and 85 meter broad. This newly formed Aphrodite precinct was guarded by a formidable rampart of masonry and earth, in itself sufficient evidence for the high estimation in which the Aphrodite shrine was still held. It is true that not much respect was paid to the older gifts of piety. The larger stone votive offerings of former centuries were simply cleared away and built into the fortifications. Consequently, when we begin to excavate we were obliged not only to dig out the sanctuary within the rampart, but to pull down and examine the fortification itself. The most valuable discoveries were made during this process. The rampart consisted of a core of strong masonry, faced with smaller stones and covered with a mound of earth. Among the remains built into this structure I must speak first of some capitals of a peculiar kind. Thirteen of these are in fairly good preservation, and there are smaller fragments of as many more. Although all these capitals are worked in the same style, they differ in size, excellence of technique, and detail of ornament. They are all tall, wide, and thin, and only worked on one side. The height varies from 70 cm, to a mètre, while the thickness fluctuates between 10 and 15 cm. Some few fragments are as thick as 35 cm and seem to belong to capitals about two mètres in height. On the upper and broader side are no traces of any kind which would lead us to suppose the capitals had been used as structural supports or bases of statues. On the narrower, lower side of each appears a rivet hole. These holes differ in size and depth.

All doubts about the purpose of these highly ornamented capitals are set at rest by the discovery of a stele of elongated tabular form 1.47 m high, which resembles the capitals (a stele of this kind is now in Berlin). Out of a triangle, which is filled in, now with sun and half-moon, and again with a Hathor head, grow downwards and outwards curly snail-shaped volutes, upwards and inwards a rich palmette ornament. Up above the triangle the centre within the palmette is filled with various decorative designs - lotus buds and flowers and palmette blossoms.

One of the less important finds in the stratum of ashes on a primitive altar site within the fortification was a small flat four-cornered board-like votive pillar of clay, only 11.7 cm high. It ends at the top in snail volutes and has holes by which it was hung up in the sacred place. As in the large capitals, the upper, narrow side is plain, while in the lower a rivet hole is indicated. This must be a reduced copy of a votive pillar complete in itself. All these objects, the capitals, pillars, and tablets - the larger of stone, the smaller of clay - are merely different forms of votive stelai, which, like statues and stuettes of gods, men, and beasts, were set up in the sanctuary. Dr. W. Dörpfeld drew my attention to the votive capitals for the support of statues found on the Acropolis of Athens. In this case the statues are missing, and the capitals themselves serve as votive gifts. Some interesting sculptures were found in the fortifications. Among them is a goddess enthroned, almost life-size, a Sphinx seated on her throne. The style is archaic but evidently under Greek influence. This splendid piece of sculpture is now in the Berlin Museum. A torso of a woman in the well-known "Spes" motive is purely Greek archaic. The workmanship is very exact and recalls the replicas found on the Acropolis of Athens. At the partition the torso fell to the share of the Prussian Government, as did also an almost life-size crowned female head of similar style but wearing a high coif fell to the owner of the soil. Within the fortifications we struck, as it seems, three kinds of masonry. The lowest layer of wall is of a very primitive kind, consisting of large air-dried bricks, first recognized as such by the penetrating eye of Professor A. Furtwängler. Close to this layer of bricks, above and below, were two layers which contained sculptures. The stratum of discovery under air-dried bricks was small in extent and noticeable for a great quantity of charcoal and ashes from burnt sacrifices. In this layer of burnt remains, as in the altis of Olympia, there were found many small terra-cottas either rudely worked in the "Snow-man" technique, or better executed, but still very archaic in style. The standing figures were male and female, one was suckling a child, another played the double flute. There were, besides, a fragment of a figure seated on a throne, remains of war and processional chariots, horses, horsemen, an ox, a lion, and a goat. A great number of birds were found, some of them richly painted and better modelled. Strangely enough, there was no representation of the dove, the bird of Aphrodite, but we can clearly identify hens, ducks, and geese, and an eagle is distinctly characterized. Among the better executed terra-cottas of antiquated style in this stratum of discovery, the figure of a snake-charmer is conspicious. It is 0.147 m high. A man, in a high cap, with the upper lip shaven, but wearing a long rounded beard, stands in a stiff attitude holding two large snakes with both hands against his breast. Eyes, hair, beard, and sankes are painted black, the rest of the figure dark red. Beside the antiquated terra-cottas lay a large mass of small vessels, especially pitchers.

As I describe these votive offerings fully in my coming work, I need not enlarge on them here. I may only say that the finds form an essential continuation of those which I discovered and published in the numero(us) .... Kypros, the Bible, and Homer. ....w acquisitions are the remark(able) ..........e enthroned goddess with the temple a... ........... of the exca(vation(s?)) ...... and ..... archaeologists of the day, who is my collaborator (in) the forthcoming work, came to Cyprus just in time to assist at the excavation of the hill, and in fact to direct it. I owe special gratitude to him for the information given on the spot and for many of the most valuable observations.

Unfortunately, but a small part of this very promising site could be excavated. We shall not be able to make many definite statements about the ground plan of the buildings until the whole, or at least most, of the hill has been laid bare. To do this about 12,500 mètres of soil must be removed. But this much is sure. I have discovered the famous sanctuary of Idalion Aphrodite so much sung by the poets, and the antiquities which it contains are centuries older than the antiquities of Old Paphos. I cannot be grateful enough to his Majesty the German Emperor for the generosity with which he has placed German funds at my disposal for the continuance of research in Cyprus, especially the British High Commissioner, Sir Walter J. Sendall [2000], the Chief Secretary, H. Thompson [2010], and the Commissioners, M. King [2020] and C.D. Cobham [2030], for their liberal aid.

Lastly, I have to thank my wife, who was appointed as my official assistant by the Prussian Minister of Instruction, and to whose skill and energy it is due that my work proceeds with a rapidity and efficiency hitherto unattained.
(Posted 12-29-2003)

A reproduction of an album of photos taken by Max and Magda Ohnefalsch-Richter in Cyprus in 1895 has recently been published by the Popular Bank of Cyprus: A. Malecos and A.G. Marangou eds., `Studies in Cyprus' (Nicosia 1994). The volume illustrates and comments upon Cypriot life at the time, as well as many objects and monuments, especially relating to the work of the Ohnefalsch-Richters at Tamassos and Idalion. The couple presented the original album to Crown Prince Bernhard of Sachsen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen and his wife, Charlotte, but its existence was unknown until it surfaced at a Sotheby's auction in 1992, where it was purchased by the Popular Bank.[3000]

Notes and References

[0100] For a color image and a map see Eretz magazine, Aug/Sep 2002, p. 50.
[0110] Max Hermann Ohnefalsch-Richter, 1850-1917.
[0200] As long as one does not conclude, that, whenever hand made pottery is found somewhere it is necessary to conclude a different age then that of wheel made pottery, archaeology may advance. Both of those methods can and have coexisted in numerous locations.
[0500] We are currently trying to document these dog handled vases. Here is a growing list of animal or other interesting shaped handles which might come in handy at times for research purposes: 1. a one handled silver jug from Tell Basta with an ibex handle; N.Reeves, `Ancient Egypt', p. 129.; 2. A gazelle neck and head handle, Here; See also Time-Life_Books, `Ramses II: Magnificence on the Nile', 1993, p. 103 for the same vessel showing the hieroglyphics and art.; 3. An Etruscan human arm handle can be seen in `Horizon Book of Lost Worlds', p. 325.
[0800] Other, later historians may say that Naram Sin was a grandson of Sargon. [`The Horizon Book of Lost Worlds', p. 134. This page also features the image of Naram Sin on a famous pink sandstone stela.] Today we know that ancient history of the world does not go back further than the Great Flood in the days of Noeh, ca. 2400 BC. For one good reason for that see this one or this one - auf Deutsch or here in English.
[1000] Homer, `The Odyssey', N.Y. 1989, p. 105, 137; It is best to read this in an edition from before 1894. Consider also the accidental discovery of `Homeric' themes represented in painted and very well preserved art from a stone sarcophagus in a tomb near Paphos, Cyprus, which reportedly shows a scene from a battle from the Iliad between the Greeks and Trojans, a chariot and two warriors and Odysseus and his men hiding under a flock of sheep in order to escape from Polyphemos the Cyclops. See BAR, Mar/Apr 2007, p. 12.
[2000] 29 January 1893: A Turkish Cypriot deputation headed by the Mufti visited Sir Walter Sendall, the then British High Commissioner and protested the Greek claims for the cession of the island to Greece. Turkish Cypriot community were content with the existing administration as long as Cyprus remained an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. See: http://bornova.ege.edu.tr/~bgocmen/home9.htm.
[2010] See `British Representatives Overseas', chapter 5, p. 49,51 in the `Commonwealth Relations Office Yearbook'.
[2020] An exhaustive bibliography will be found in C. D. Cobham, An Attempt at a Bibliography of Cyprus, Nicosia, 4th edition, 1900. The following works may be specially mentioned: E. Oberhummer, Aus Cypern, Berlin, 1890-92; Studien zur alten Geographic von Kypros, Munich 1891; A. Sakellarios, Ta Kupriaka, Athens, 1890-91. References in ancient sources are collected in J. Meursius, Cyprus, Amsterdam, 1675, and W. Engel, Kypros, Berlin, 1841. For Cyprian archaeology see P. Gardner, New Chapters in Greek History, chapter vi, London, 1892; J. L. Myres and M. OhnefalschRichter, Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, Oxford, 1899; M. O. Richter, Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, Berlin, 1893; David George Hogarth (1862-1927), Devia Cypria, London, 1889; and J. L. Myres' article on "Cypriote Archaeology" in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition, VII, 697 ff. For excavations, Journal of Hellenic Studies, IX, XI, XII, XVII, and Excavations Cyprus, London (British Museum), 1900; for art, G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, Art in Phoenicia and Cyprus, English translation, London, 1885; for coins, B. V. Head, Historia Numorum, Oxford, 1911; for inscriptions, Sammlung der griech. Dialekt-Inschriften, I, Gottingen, 1883; for the Cyprian church, J. Hackett, History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus, London, 1901; for authorities on medieval and modern history, CL. D. Cobham, Encyclopedia Britannica (11th edition), 11th edition, VII, 701.
[2030] The collection was the personal library of Claude Delaval Cobham, CMG, MA, BCL, MRAS (1842-1915), Commissioner of the District of Larnaca from 1879-1907. Sir Harry Luke, who served as Private Secretary to the High Commissioner of Cyprus, supplied the following account of Cobham for the December 1957 edition of Library Notes (Simpson 1957, p. 1).
'Cobham was a 'scholar and a gentleman' whose love for Cyprus and private means enabled him to regard his appointment to the new British Government set up in Cyprus in 1878 not as the first stage of a career but as a life-long vocation. Thus, fortunately for Cyprus, he was content to remain in Larnaca as Commissioner of the District for the 28 years from 1879 to his retirement in 1907 and to continue to live there after retirement until failing health ultimately compelled him reluctantly to return to England.
During his working life Cobham devoted the leisure from his official duties, and in his retirement his whole time, to the study of the history of Cyprus and of foreign languages, and to the gracious hospitality which he extended to his friends from many parts in his beautiful and interesting house. For he had brought, and for his many years in Cyprus inhabited, the early 18th-century Consulate of the English Levant Company in Old Larnaca with its contemporary painted official coats of arms adorning the walls of the great living-room and a spacious and lovely garden stretching beyond it, hidden behind high walls of sun-dried mud brick. In this historic abode, now alas in a lamentable state of dilapidation, he housed his unique collection of books on Cyprus, now in the Library of the Royal Empire Society'.
The majority of the photographs in the collection concern antiquities and historic buildings.
[3000] Max Ohnefalsch-Richter, `Kypros - The Bible and Homer', London, 1893. Dedicated to His Highness Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Saxen-Meiningen-Hildburghausen, Patron and Friend of the Study of Antiquities.